Merge pull request #42 from atlarge-research/refactor/clean-up

Remove odcsim component from OpenDC

18 files changed, 817 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/build.gradle.kts b/simulator/opendc-core/build.gradle.kts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1c2678b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/build.gradle.kts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2017 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+description = "Base model for datacenter simulation"
+
+/* Build configuration */
+plugins {
+    `kotlin-library-convention`
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    api("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:${Library.KOTLINX_COROUTINES}")
+
+    testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:${Library.JUNIT_JUPITER}")
+    testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:${Library.JUNIT_JUPITER}")
+    testImplementation("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:${Library.JUNIT_PLATFORM}")
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Environment.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Environment.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3baef092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Environment.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core
+
+/**
+ * A description of a large-scale computing environment. This description includes including key size and topology
+ * information of the environment, types of resources, but also various operational and management rules such as
+ * scheduled maintenance, allocation and other constraints.
+ *
+ * @property name The name of the environment.
+ * @property description A small textual description about the environment that is being modeled.
+ * @property platforms The cloud platforms (such as AWS or GCE) in this environment.
+ */
+data class Environment(val name: String, val description: String?, val platforms: List<Platform>)
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Identity.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Identity.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c1464af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Identity.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core
+
+import java.util.*
+
+/**
+ * An object that has a unique identity.
+ */
+interface Identity {
+    /**
+     * A unique, opaque, system-generated value, representing the object.
+     */
+    val uid: UUID
+
+    /**
+     * A non-empty, human-readable string representing the object.
+     */
+    val name: String
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Platform.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Platform.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..076df255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Platform.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core
+
+import java.util.*
+
+/**
+ * A representation of a cloud platform such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure or Google Cloud.
+ *
+ * @property uid The unique identifier of this topology.
+ * @property name the name of the platform.
+ * @property zones The availability zones available on this platform.
+ */
+data class Platform(override val uid: UUID, override val name: String, val zones: List<Zone>) : Identity
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/User.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/User.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4b237e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/User.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core
+
+/**
+ * A user of the cloud network.
+ */
+interface User : Identity {
+    /**
+     * The name of the user.
+     */
+    override val name: String
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Zone.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Zone.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bca4ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/Zone.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core
+
+import org.opendc.core.services.ServiceRegistry
+import java.util.*
+
+/**
+ * An isolated location within a topology region from which public cloud services operate, roughly equivalent to a
+ * single topology. Zones contain one or more clusters and secondary storage.
+ *
+ * This class models *only* the static information of a zone, with dynamic information being contained within the zone's
+ * actor. During runtime, it's actor acts as a registry for all the cloud services provided by the zone.
+ *
+ * @property uid The unique identifier of this availability zone.
+ * @property name The name of the zone within its platform.
+ * @property services The service registry containing the services of the zone.
+ */
+data class Zone(
+    override val uid: UUID,
+    override val name: String,
+    val services: ServiceRegistry
+) : Identity {
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = other is Zone && uid == other.uid
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = uid.hashCode()
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/CorrelatedFaultInjector.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/CorrelatedFaultInjector.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3bd7f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/CorrelatedFaultInjector.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.failure
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.*
+import java.time.Clock
+import kotlin.math.exp
+import kotlin.math.max
+import kotlin.random.Random
+import kotlin.random.asJavaRandom
+
+/**
+ * A [FaultInjector] that injects fault in the system which are correlated to each other. Failures do not occur in
+ * isolation, but will trigger other faults.
+ */
+public class CorrelatedFaultInjector(
+    private val coroutineScope: CoroutineScope,
+    private val clock: Clock,
+    private val iatScale: Double,
+    private val iatShape: Double,
+    private val sizeScale: Double,
+    private val sizeShape: Double,
+    private val dScale: Double,
+    private val dShape: Double,
+    random: Random = Random(0)
+) : FaultInjector {
+    /**
+     * The active failure domains that have been registered.
+     */
+    private val active = mutableSetOf<FailureDomain>()
+
+    /**
+     * The [Job] that awaits the nearest fault in the system.
+     */
+    private var job: Job? = null
+
+    /**
+     * The [Random] instance to use.
+     */
+    private val random: java.util.Random = random.asJavaRandom()
+
+    /**
+     * Enqueue the specified [FailureDomain] to fail some time in the future.
+     */
+    override fun enqueue(domain: FailureDomain) {
+        active += domain
+
+        // Clean up the domain if it finishes
+        domain.scope.coroutineContext[Job]!!.invokeOnCompletion {
+            this@CorrelatedFaultInjector.coroutineScope.launch {
+                active -= domain
+
+                if (active.isEmpty()) {
+                    job?.cancel()
+                    job = null
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (job != null) {
+            return
+        }
+
+        job = this.coroutineScope.launch {
+            while (active.isNotEmpty()) {
+                ensureActive()
+
+                // Make sure to convert delay from hours to milliseconds
+                val d = lognvariate(iatScale, iatShape) * 3.6e6
+
+                // Handle long overflow
+                if (clock.millis() + d <= 0) {
+                    return@launch
+                }
+
+                delay(d.toLong())
+
+                val n = lognvariate(sizeScale, sizeShape).toInt()
+                val targets = active.shuffled(random).take(n)
+
+                for (failureDomain in targets) {
+                    active -= failureDomain
+                    failureDomain.fail()
+                }
+
+                val df = max(lognvariate(dScale, dShape) * 6e4, 15 * 6e4)
+
+                // Handle long overflow
+                if (clock.millis() + df <= 0) {
+                    return@launch
+                }
+
+                delay(df.toLong())
+
+                for (failureDomain in targets) {
+                    failureDomain.recover()
+
+                    // Re-enqueue machine to be failed
+                    enqueue(failureDomain)
+                }
+            }
+
+            job = null
+        }
+    }
+
+    // XXX We should extract this in some common package later on.
+    private fun lognvariate(scale: Double, shape: Double) = exp(scale + shape * random.nextGaussian())
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/FailureDomain.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/FailureDomain.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0795b09a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/FailureDomain.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.failure
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
+
+/**
+ * A logical or physical component in a computing environment which may fail.
+ */
+public interface FailureDomain {
+    /**
+     * The lifecycle of the failure domain to which a [FaultInjector] will attach.
+     */
+    public val scope: CoroutineScope
+
+    /**
+     * Fail the domain externally.
+     */
+    public suspend fun fail()
+
+    /**
+     * Resume the failure domain.
+     */
+    public suspend fun recover()
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/FaultInjector.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/FaultInjector.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad776641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/FaultInjector.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.failure
+
+/**
+ * An interface for stochastically injecting faults into a running system.
+ */
+public interface FaultInjector {
+    /**
+     * Enqueue the specified [FailureDomain] into the queue as candidate for failure injection in the future.
+     */
+    public fun enqueue(domain: FailureDomain)
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/UncorrelatedFaultInjector.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/UncorrelatedFaultInjector.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c019763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/failure/UncorrelatedFaultInjector.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.failure
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import java.time.Clock
+import kotlin.math.ln1p
+import kotlin.math.pow
+import kotlin.random.Random
+
+/**
+ * A [FaultInjector] that injects uncorrelated faults into the system, meaning that failures of the subsystems are
+ * independent.
+ */
+class UncorrelatedFaultInjector(
+    private val clock: Clock,
+    private val alpha: Double,
+    private val beta: Double,
+    private val random: Random = Random(0)
+) : FaultInjector {
+    /**
+     * Enqueue the specified [FailureDomain] to fail some time in the future.
+     */
+    override fun enqueue(domain: FailureDomain) {
+        domain.scope.launch {
+            val d = random.weibull(alpha, beta) * 1e3 // Make sure to convert delay to milliseconds
+
+            // Handle long overflow
+            if (clock.millis() + d <= 0) {
+                return@launch
+            }
+
+            delay(d.toLong())
+            domain.fail()
+        }
+    }
+
+    // XXX We should extract this in some common package later on.
+    private fun Random.weibull(alpha: Double, beta: Double) = (beta * (-ln1p(-nextDouble())).pow(1.0 / alpha))
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/power/PowerModel.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/power/PowerModel.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e93023d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/power/PowerModel.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.power
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
+
+/**
+ * A model for computing the power draw based on some value.
+ */
+public typealias PowerModel<T> = (T) -> Flow<Double>
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/power/Powerable.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/power/Powerable.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a225d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/power/Powerable.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.power
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
+
+/**
+ * An entity that is uses power from some power source.
+ */
+public interface Powerable {
+    /**
+     * The power draw at the device's power supply in watts (W).w
+     */
+    val powerDraw: Flow<Double>
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/resource/Resource.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/resource/Resource.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5bb2c2ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/resource/Resource.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.resource
+
+import org.opendc.core.Identity
+
+/**
+ * Represents a generic cloud resource.
+ */
+public interface Resource : Identity {
+    /**
+     * The tags of this cloud resource.
+     */
+    public val tags: TagContainer
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/resource/TagContainer.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/resource/TagContainer.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..842710d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/resource/TagContainer.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.resource
+
+/**
+ * An immutable map containing the tags of some resource.
+ */
+typealias TagContainer = Map<String, Any>
+
+/**
+ * Obtain the value of the tag with the specified [key] of type [T]. If the tag does not exist or the tag is of
+ * different type, `null` is returned.
+ */
+inline fun <reified T : Any> TagContainer.typed(key: String): T? = this[key] as? T
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceKey.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceKey.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d475f87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceKey.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.services
+
+import org.opendc.core.Identity
+import java.util.*
+
+/**
+ * An interface for identifying service implementations of the same type (providing the same service).
+ *
+ * @param T The shape of the messages the service responds to.
+ */
+interface ServiceKey<T : Any> : Identity
+
+/**
+ * Helper class for constructing a [ServiceKey].
+ *
+ * @property uid The unique identifier of the service.
+ * @property name The name of the service.
+ */
+abstract class AbstractServiceKey<T : Any>(override val uid: UUID, override val name: String) : ServiceKey<T> {
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = other is ServiceKey<*> && uid == other.uid
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = uid.hashCode()
+    override fun toString(): String = "ServiceKey[uid=$uid, name=$name]"
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceRegistry.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceRegistry.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7434d91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceRegistry.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.services
+
+/**
+ * An immutable service registry interface.
+ */
+public interface ServiceRegistry {
+    /**
+     * The keys in this registry.
+     */
+    public val keys: Collection<ServiceKey<*>>
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if this map contains the service with the specified [ServiceKey].
+     *
+     * @param key The key of the service to check for.
+     * @return `true` if the service is in the map, `false` otherwise.
+     */
+    public operator fun contains(key: ServiceKey<*>): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Obtain the service with the specified [ServiceKey].
+     *
+     * @param key The key of the service to obtain.
+     * @return The references to the service.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the key does not exist in the map.
+     */
+    public operator fun <T : Any> get(key: ServiceKey<T>): T
+
+    /**
+     * Return the result of associating the specified [service] with the given [key] in this registry.
+     */
+    public fun <T : Any> put(key: ServiceKey<T>, service: T): ServiceRegistry
+}
+
+/**
+ * Construct an empty [ServiceRegistry].
+ */
+@Suppress("FunctionName")
+public fun ServiceRegistry(): ServiceRegistry = ServiceRegistryImpl(emptyMap())
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceRegistryImpl.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceRegistryImpl.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e117bec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/services/ServiceRegistryImpl.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.services
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of the [ServiceRegistry] interface.
+ */
+internal class ServiceRegistryImpl(private val map: Map<ServiceKey<*>, Any>) : ServiceRegistry {
+    override val keys: Collection<ServiceKey<*>>
+        get() = map.keys
+
+    override fun contains(key: ServiceKey<*>): Boolean = key in map
+
+    override fun <T : Any> get(key: ServiceKey<T>): T {
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        return map[key] as T
+    }
+
+    override fun <T : Any> put(key: ServiceKey<T>, service: T): ServiceRegistry =
+        ServiceRegistryImpl(map.plus(key to service))
+
+    override fun toString(): String = map.toString()
+}
diff --git a/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/workload/Workload.kt b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/workload/Workload.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..656020ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/simulator/opendc-core/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/core/workload/Workload.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.core.workload
+
+import org.opendc.core.Identity
+import org.opendc.core.User
+
+/**
+ * A high-level abstraction that represents the actual work that a set of compute resources perform, such
+ * as running an application on a machine or a whole workflow running multiple tasks on numerous machines.
+ */
+interface Workload : Identity {
+    /**
+     * The owner of this workload.
+     */
+    val owner: User
+}