Fix API serialization issues

42 files changed, 78 insertions, 94 deletions

diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/endpoint.py
index 14dbbd2a..3265abb2 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'datacenterId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Datacenter from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/rooms/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/rooms/endpoint.py
index 2cca01fd..593b38a7 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/rooms/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/datacenters/datacenterId/rooms/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
     try:
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'datacenterId': 'int'})
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Datacenter from the database
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def POST(request):
                                               'roomType': 'string'
                                           }})
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Make sure the passed object's datacenter id matches the path datacenter id
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/endpoint.py
index a306e441..4ae4abf2 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/endpoint.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def PUT(request):
             }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/last-simulated-tick/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/last-simulated-tick/endpoint.py
index f96c90ff..554c03b5 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/last-simulated-tick/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/last-simulated-tick/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/machine-states/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/machine-states/endpoint.py
index 5f586896..e903e691 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/machine-states/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/machine-states/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/rack-states/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/rack-states/endpoint.py
index 54b2fd8a..a1841bf0 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/rack-states/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/rack-states/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/room-states/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/room-states/endpoint.py
index 9b1e0a68..19ecec22 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/room-states/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/room-states/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/statistics/task-durations/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/statistics/task-durations/endpoint.py
index fe62f7f6..6bc0d4bd 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/statistics/task-durations/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/statistics/task-durations/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/task-states/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/task-states/endpoint.py
index 3f6ce4a7..b4d8a702 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/task-states/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/experiments/experimentId/task-states/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'experimentId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Experiment from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/endpoint.py
index c24b04d0..4dc43728 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'jobId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Job and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/tasks/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/tasks/endpoint.py
index d412df00..f2cb3384 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/tasks/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/jobs/jobId/tasks/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'jobId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Job and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/branches/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/branches/endpoint.py
index 5d3b6ec1..d3256e8c 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/branches/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/branches/endpoint.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def POST(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'pathId': 'int'}, body={'section': {'startTick': 'int'}})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate the current Path from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/endpoint.py
index 7a73ce17..42357fc5 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'pathId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Path from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/sections/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/sections/endpoint.py
index b8e4a861..a983ff1f 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/sections/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/paths/pathId/sections/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
     try:
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'pathId': 'int'})
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Path from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/room-types/name/allowed-objects/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/room-types/name/allowed-objects/endpoint.py
index 9cc0dbca..166781e8 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/room-types/name/allowed-objects/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/room-types/name/allowed-objects/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'name': 'string'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Get the AllowedObjects
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/endpoint.py
index a43a82e7..90bcdfd6 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'roomId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Room from the database
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def PUT(request):
                                           }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Room from the database
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'roomId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Room and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/tiles/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/tiles/endpoint.py
index 6e498a48..971514ec 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/tiles/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/rooms/roomId/tiles/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'roomId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Room from the database
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def POST(request):
                                           }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     if request.params_path['roomId'] != request.params_body['tile']['roomId']:
         return Response(400, 'ID mismatch')
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/sections/sectionId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/sections/sectionId/endpoint.py
index 0cda37bf..80e15328 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/sections/sectionId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/sections/sectionId/endpoint.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def GET(request):
     try:
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'sectionId': 'int'})
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Section from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/endpoint.py
index 72501379..3eb7e903 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/endpoint.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def POST(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(body={'simulation': {'name': 'string'}})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Simulation
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/endpoint.py
index 80d45d04..b0a54524 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'simulationId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Simulation and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/userId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/userId/endpoint.py
index d417936f..edc86c88 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/userId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/authorizations/userId/endpoint.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'simulationId': 'int', 'userId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Authorization
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'simulationId': 'int', 'userId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Authorization
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def POST(request):
                                           }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate an Authorization
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def PUT(request):
                                           }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate and Authorization
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/datacenters/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/datacenters/endpoint.py
index 88c5fe21..c1d49228 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/datacenters/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/datacenters/endpoint.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def POST(request):
                                           }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Make sure the passed object's simulation id matches the path simulation id
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/endpoint.py
index a6fc0a02..4aa33c7a 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/endpoint.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'simulationId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Simulation and make sure it exists
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'simulationId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Simulation and make sure it exists
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def PUT(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(body={'simulation': {'name': 'name'}}, path={'simulationId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Simulation and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/experiments/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/experiments/endpoint.py
index 68465bdc..07305690 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/experiments/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/experiments/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'simulationId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Simulation from the database
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ def POST(request):
                                           })
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Make sure the passed object's simulation id matches the path simulation id
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def POST(request):
         experiment.insert()
 
     except exceptions.ForeignKeyError as e:
-        return Response(400, 'Foreign key constraint not met.' + e.message)
+        return Response(400, 'Foreign key constraint not met.' + e)
 
     # Return this Experiment
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/paths/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/paths/endpoint.py
index 85a373b2..69a302ba 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/paths/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/simulations/simulationId/paths/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
     try:
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'simulationId': 'int'})
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Simulation from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/cpus/id/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/cpus/id/endpoint.py
index 9c4229e1..205b61c5 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/cpus/id/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/cpus/id/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'id': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a CPU and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/failure-models/id/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/failure-models/id/endpoint.py
index 67fe004a..db450f70 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/failure-models/id/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/failure-models/id/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'id': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a FailureModel and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/gpus/id/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/gpus/id/endpoint.py
index e08833b8..489b7e8d 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/gpus/id/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/gpus/id/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'id': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a GPU and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/memories/id/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/memories/id/endpoint.py
index 5f547f76..f34ca36f 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/memories/id/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/memories/id/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'id': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Memory and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/storages/id/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/storages/id/endpoint.py
index b1f7e8c0..1b7a5ac7 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/specifications/storages/id/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/specifications/storages/id/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'id': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Storage and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/endpoint.py
index 85cbd9f4..4a1a5447 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'tileId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Tile from the database
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'tileId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Tile from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/endpoint.py
index 0e1017e8..2a5803e4 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'tileId': 'int'}, )
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Tile from the database
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def POST(request):
                                           }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Tile from the database
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def PUT(request):
                                           }})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Tile from the database
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'tileId': 'int'}, )
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Tile from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/endpoint.py
index 1ff25f44..34d3866e 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'tileId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Rack from the database
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def POST(request):
                                           })
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Rack from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/position/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/position/endpoint.py
index d82014b3..e769a049 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/position/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/tiles/tileId/rack/machines/position/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'tileId': 'int', 'position': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Machine from the database
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def PUT(request):
                                           })
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Machine from the database
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'tileId': 'int', 'position': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Machine from the database
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/endpoint.py
index fe837c73..720d3fd0 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'traceId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Trace and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/jobs/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/jobs/endpoint.py
index 671e4d83..eec52b56 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/jobs/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/traces/traceId/jobs/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'traceId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a Trace and make sure it exists
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/users/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/users/endpoint.py
index 27c8a9ef..2712c625 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/users/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/users/endpoint.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+from werkzeug.exceptions import abort
+
 from opendc.models.user import User
 from opendc.util import exceptions
-from opendc.util.database import fetch_one
+from opendc.util.database import fetch_one, insert
 from opendc.util.rest import Response
 
 
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ def GET(request):
     try:
         request.check_required_parameters(query={'email': 'string'})
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     user = fetch_one({'email': request.params_query['email']}, 'users')
 
@@ -23,34 +25,21 @@ def GET(request):
 def POST(request):
     """Add a new User."""
 
-    # Make sure required parameters are there
-
     try:
         request.check_required_parameters(body={'user': {'email': 'string'}})
-
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
-
-    # Instantiate a User
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     request.params_body['user']['googleId'] = request.google_id
-    user = User.from_JSON(request.params_body['user'])
+    user = request.params_body['user']
+    existing_user = fetch_one({'googleId': user['googleId']}, 'users')
 
-    # Make sure a User with this Google ID does not already exist
+    if existing_user is not None:
+        return Response(409, '{} already exists.'.format(existing_user))
 
-    if user.exists('google_id'):
-        user = user.from_google_id(user.google_id)
-        return Response(409, '{} already exists.'.format(user))
-
-    # Make sure this User is authorized to create this User
-
-    if not request.google_id == user.google_id:
+    if not request.google_id == user['googleId']:
         return Response(403, 'Forbidden from creating this User.')
 
-    # Insert the User
-
-    user.insert()
-
-    # Return a JSON representation of the User
+    user = insert(user, 'users')
 
-    return Response(200, 'Successfully created {}'.format(user), user.to_JSON())
+    return Response(200, 'Successfully created {}'.format(user), user)
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/authorizations/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/authorizations/endpoint.py
index bb3e173c..161034e1 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/authorizations/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/authorizations/endpoint.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'userId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a User and make sure they exist
 
diff --git a/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/endpoint.py b/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/endpoint.py
index 7f1ce84f..b7519973 100644
--- a/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/endpoint.py
+++ b/opendc/api/v2/users/userId/endpoint.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def DELETE(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'userId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a User and make sure they exist
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def GET(request):
         request.check_required_parameters(path={'userId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a User and make sure they exist
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def PUT(request):
                                           path={'userId': 'int'})
 
     except exceptions.ParameterError as e:
-        return Response(400, e.message)
+        return Response(400, str(e))
 
     # Instantiate a User and make sure they exist
 
diff --git a/opendc/models/model.py b/opendc/models/model.py
index 896eb235..73eabd26 100644
--- a/opendc/models/model.py
+++ b/opendc/models/model.py
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class Model(object):
             last_row_id = database.execute(statement, values)
         except Exception as e:
             print(e)
-            raise exceptions.ForeignKeyError(e.message)
+            raise exceptions.ForeignKeyError(e)
 
         if 'id' in self.COLUMNS_PRIMARY_KEY:
             if is_auto_generated:
@@ -300,4 +300,4 @@ class Model(object):
         try:
             database.execute(statement, values)
         except Exception as e:
-            raise exceptions.ForeignKeyError(e.message)
+            raise exceptions.ForeignKeyError(e)
diff --git a/opendc/util/parameter_checker.py b/opendc/util/parameter_checker.py
index 561ed497..d3e7ef13 100644
--- a/opendc/util/parameter_checker.py
+++ b/opendc/util/parameter_checker.py
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ def _format_parameter(parameter):
 def check(request, **kwargs):
     """Return True if all required parameters are there."""
 
-    for location, params_required in kwargs.iteritems():
-
+    for location, params_required in kwargs.items():
         params_actual = getattr(request, 'params_{}'.format(location))
 
         missing_parameter = _missing_parameter(params_required, params_actual)
diff --git a/opendc/util/rest.py b/opendc/util/rest.py
index d5df5306..d892a358 100644
--- a/opendc/util/rest.py
+++ b/opendc/util/rest.py
@@ -40,16 +40,12 @@ class Request(object):
         # Parse the path and import the appropriate module
 
         try:
-            self.path = message['path'].encode('ascii', 'ignore').strip('/')
+            self.path = message['path'].strip('/')
 
             module_base = 'opendc.api.{}.endpoint'
-            module_path = self.path.translate(None, '{}').replace('/', '.')
+            module_path = self.path.replace('/', '.')
 
             self.module = importlib.import_module(module_base.format(module_path))
-
-        except UnicodeError:
-            raise exceptions.UnimplementedEndpointError('Non-ASCII path')
-
         except ImportError:
             raise exceptions.UnimplementedEndpointError('Unimplemented endpoint: {}.'.format(self.path))
 
@@ -68,7 +64,7 @@ class Request(object):
             self.google_id = self._verify_token(self.token)
 
         except crypt.AppIdentityError as e:
-            raise exceptions.AuthorizationTokenError(e.message)
+            raise exceptions.AuthorizationTokenError(e)
 
     def _verify_token(self, token):
         """Return the ID of the signed-in user.