refactor: Remodel workloads and compute resource

This change remodels our model for workloads and compute resources in
order to support VM/container functionality where multiple workloads run
on a single machine.

In particular, we make the following changes:

- Move the compute-related source code into the `opendc-compute` module.
- Change from application-based model to image-based model, where the
image has exclusive access over the machine, instead of applications
that share the machine. We may model in the future again
applications/operating system, but at the moment, we do not need this
granularity, given that the workload traces can be simulated using VMs.

22 files changed, 1382 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/build.gradle.kts b/opendc/opendc-compute/build.gradle.kts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09c904f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/build.gradle.kts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+description = "Cloud computing fabric simulation model"
+
+/* Build configuration */
+plugins {
+    `kotlin-library-convention`
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    implementation(kotlin("stdlib"))
+    api(project(":odcsim:odcsim-api"))
+    api(project(":opendc:opendc-core"))
+
+    testRuntimeOnly(project(":odcsim:odcsim-engine-omega"))
+    testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:${Library.JUNIT_JUPITER}")
+    testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:${Library.JUNIT_JUPITER}")
+    testImplementation("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:${Library.JUNIT_PLATFORM}")
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/Flavor.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/Flavor.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0094704a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/Flavor.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core
+
+/**
+ * (Virtual) hardware configuration of a server.
+ */
+public data class Flavor(
+    /**
+     * The processing units of this machine.
+     */
+    public val cpus: List<ProcessingUnit>,
+
+    /**
+     * Key and value pairs that can be used to describe the specification of the server which is more than just about
+     * CPU, disk and RAM. For example, it can be used to indicate that the server created by this flavor has PCI
+     * devices, etc.
+     */
+    public val details: Map<String, Any> = emptyMap()
+)
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/ProcessingUnit.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/ProcessingUnit.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..945b7061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/ProcessingUnit.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core
+
+/**
+ * A processing unit of a compute resource, either virtual or physical.
+ *
+ * @property vendor The vendor string of the cpu.
+ * @property modelName The name of the cpu model.
+ * @property arch The architecture of the CPU.
+ * @property clockRate The clock speed of the cpu in MHz.
+ * @property cores The number of logical cores in the cpu.
+ */
+public data class ProcessingUnit(
+    public val vendor: String,
+    public val modelName: String,
+    public val arch: String,
+    public val clockRate: Double,
+    public val cores: Int
+)
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/Server.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/Server.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dc1562c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/Server.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.Node
+import com.atlarge.opendc.core.Identity
+import java.util.UUID
+
+/**
+ * A server instance that is running on some physical or virtual machine.
+ */
+public data class Server(
+    /**
+     * The unique identifier of the server.
+     */
+    public override val uid: UUID,
+
+    /**
+     * The optional name of the server.
+     */
+    public override val name: String,
+
+    /**
+     * The hardware configuration of the server.
+     */
+    public val flavor: Flavor,
+
+    /**
+     * The image running on the server.
+     */
+    public val image: Image,
+
+    /**
+     * The last known state of the server.
+     */
+    public val state: ServerState
+
+) : Identity {
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = uid.hashCode()
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = other is Node && uid == other.uid
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/ServerState.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/ServerState.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27372a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/ServerState.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core
+
+/**
+ * An enumeration describing the possible states of a server.
+ */
+public enum class ServerState {
+    /**
+     * The server has not yet finished the original build process.
+     */
+    BUILD,
+
+    /**
+     * The server was powered down by the user.
+     */
+    SHUTOFF,
+
+    /**
+     * The server is active and running.
+     */
+    ACTIVE,
+
+    /**
+     * The server is in error.
+     */
+    ERROR,
+
+    /**
+     * The state of the server is unknown.
+     */
+    UNKNOWN,
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/Protocol.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/Protocol.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e4fa0fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/Protocol.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution
+
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.ReceivePort
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.SendPort
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.processContext
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+
+/**
+ * Request that are accepted by a [ServerContext] instance.
+ */
+public sealed class ServerRequest {
+    /**
+     * Request the context to be initialized.
+     */
+    public object Initialize : ServerRequest()
+
+    /**
+     * Request for each core the specified amount of cpu time to run from the server
+     */
+    public data class Run(public val req: LongArray) : ServerRequest()
+
+    /**
+     * Terminate the execution of the server.
+     */
+    public data class Exit(public val cause: Throwable? = null) : ServerRequest()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Messages sent in response to [ServerRequest] objects.
+ */
+public sealed class ServerResponse {
+    /**
+     * The server that sent this response.
+     */
+    public abstract val server: Server
+
+    /**
+     * Indicate that this request was processed successfully.
+     */
+    public data class Ok(public override val server: Server) : ServerResponse()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Serialize the specified [ServerManagementContext] instance in order to safely send this object across logical
+ * processes.
+ */
+public suspend fun ServerManagementContext.serialize(): ServerManagementContext {
+    val ctx = processContext
+    val input = ctx.open<ServerRequest>()
+    val output = ctx.open<ServerResponse>()
+
+    ctx.launch {
+        val outlet = processContext.connect(output.send)
+        val inlet = processContext.listen(input.receive)
+
+        while (isActive) {
+            when (val msg = inlet.receive()) {
+                is ServerRequest.Initialize -> {
+                    init()
+                    outlet.send(ServerResponse.Ok(server))
+                }
+                is ServerRequest.Run -> {
+                    run(msg.req)
+                    outlet.send(ServerResponse.Ok(server))
+                }
+                is ServerRequest.Exit -> {
+                    exit(msg.cause)
+                    outlet.send(ServerResponse.Ok(server))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return object : ServerManagementContext {
+        private lateinit var inlet: ReceivePort<ServerResponse>
+        private lateinit var outlet: SendPort<ServerRequest>
+
+        override var server: Server = this@serialize.server
+
+        override suspend fun run(req: LongArray) {
+            outlet.send(ServerRequest.Run(req))
+
+            when (val res = inlet.receive()) {
+                is ServerResponse.Ok -> {
+                    server = res.server
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        override suspend fun exit(cause: Throwable?) {
+            outlet.send(ServerRequest.Exit(cause))
+
+            when (val res = inlet.receive()) {
+                is ServerResponse.Ok -> {
+                    server = res.server
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        override suspend fun init() {
+            if (!this::outlet.isInitialized) {
+                outlet = processContext.connect(input.send)
+            }
+
+            if (!this::inlet.isInitialized) {
+                inlet = processContext.listen(output.receive)
+            }
+
+            outlet.send(ServerRequest.Initialize)
+            when (val res = inlet.receive()) {
+                is ServerResponse.Ok -> {
+                    server = res.server
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/ServerContext.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/ServerContext.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..057ed118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/ServerContext.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+
+/**
+ * Represents the execution context in which an bootable [Image] runs on a [Server].
+ */
+public interface ServerContext {
+    /**
+     * The server on which the image runs.
+     */
+    public val server: Server
+
+    /**
+     * Request for each core the specified amount of cpu time to run from the server and wait until all the threads have
+     * finished processing. If none of the cores are non-zero, the method will return immediately.
+     *
+     * @param req An array specifying for each core the amount of cpu time to request.
+     */
+    public suspend fun run(req: LongArray)
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/ServerManagementContext.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/ServerManagementContext.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a9b725b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/execution/ServerManagementContext.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution
+
+/**
+ * An extended [ServerContext] providing several methods for managing the execution context.
+ */
+public interface ServerManagementContext : ServerContext {
+    /**
+     * Initialize the management context.
+     */
+    public suspend fun init()
+
+    /**
+     * Terminate the execution of the server.
+     */
+    public suspend fun exit(cause: Throwable? = null)
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/EmptyImage.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/EmptyImage.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a51e55f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/EmptyImage.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution.ServerContext
+
+/**
+ * An empty boot disk [Image] that exits immediately on start.
+ */
+object EmptyImage : Image {
+    override val details: Map<String, Any> = emptyMap()
+
+    override suspend fun invoke(ctx: ServerContext) {}
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/FlopsApplicationImage.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/FlopsApplicationImage.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4519dc49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/FlopsApplicationImage.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution.ServerContext
+import kotlin.math.min
+
+/**
+ * An application [Image] that models applications performing a static number of floating point operations ([flops]) on
+ * a compute resource.
+ *
+ * @property flops The number of floating point operations to perform for this task.
+ * @property cores The number of cores that the image is able to utilize.
+ * @property utilization A model of the CPU utilization of the application.
+ * @property details The details of this image.
+ */
+class FlopsApplicationImage(
+    public val flops: Long,
+    public val cores: Int,
+    public val utilization: Double = 0.8,
+    public override val details: Map<String, Any> = emptyMap()
+) : Image {
+    init {
+        require(flops >= 0) { "Negative number of flops" }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Execute the runtime behavior based on a number of floating point operations to execute.
+     */
+    override suspend fun invoke(ctx: ServerContext) {
+        val cores = min(this.cores, ctx.server.flavor.cpus.sumBy { it.cores })
+        val req = (flops * (1 / utilization) / cores).toLong()
+        ctx.run(LongArray(cores) { req })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/Image.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/Image.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd4f5648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/image/Image.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution.ServerContext
+
+/**
+ * An image containing a bootable operating system that can directly be executed by physical or virtual server.
+ *
+ * OpenStack: A collection of files used to create or rebuild a server. Operators provide a number of pre-built OS
+ * images by default. You may also create custom images from cloud servers you have launched. These custom images are
+ * useful for backup purposes or for producing “gold” server images if you plan to deploy a particular server
+ * configuration frequently.
+
+ */
+public interface Image {
+    /**
+     * The details of the image in key/value pairs.
+     */
+    public val details: Map<String, Any>
+
+    /**
+     * Launch the machine image in the specified [ServerContext].
+     *
+     * This method should encapsulate and characterize the runtime behavior of the instance resulting from launching
+     * the image on some machine, in terms of the resource consumption on the machine.
+     */
+    public suspend operator fun invoke(ctx: ServerContext)
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/monitor/Protocol.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/monitor/Protocol.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b16c0d59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/monitor/Protocol.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor
+
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.SendPort
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.processContext
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.ServerState
+import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+
+/**
+ * Events emitted by a [Server] instance.
+ */
+public sealed class ServerEvent {
+    /**
+     * The server that emitted this event.
+     */
+    public abstract val server: Server
+
+    /**
+     * A response sent when the bare metal driver has been initialized.
+     */
+    public data class StateChanged(public override val server: Server, public val previousState: ServerState) : ServerEvent()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Serialize the specified [ServerMonitor] instance in order to safely send this object across logical processes.
+ */
+public suspend fun ServerMonitor.serialize(): ServerMonitor {
+    val ctx = processContext
+    val input = ctx.open<ServerEvent>()
+
+    ctx.launch {
+        val inlet = processContext.listen(input.receive)
+
+        while (isActive) {
+            when (val msg = inlet.receive()) {
+                is ServerEvent.StateChanged -> onUpdate(msg.server, msg.previousState)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return object : ServerMonitor {
+        private var outlet: SendPort<ServerEvent>? = null
+
+        override suspend fun onUpdate(server: Server, previousState: ServerState) {
+            if (outlet == null) {
+                outlet = processContext.connect(input.send)
+            }
+
+            outlet!!.send(ServerEvent.StateChanged(server, previousState))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/monitor/ServerMonitor.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/monitor/ServerMonitor.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbfd0ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/core/monitor/ServerMonitor.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.ServerState
+
+/**
+ * An interface for monitoring the state of a machine.
+ */
+public interface ServerMonitor {
+    /**
+     * This method is invoked when the state of a machine updates.
+     *
+     * @param server The server which state was updated.
+     * @param previousState The previous state of the server.
+     */
+    public suspend fun onUpdate(server: Server, previousState: ServerState)
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/Node.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/Node.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a43abfe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/Node.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+import com.atlarge.opendc.core.Identity
+import java.util.UUID
+
+/**
+ * A bare-metal compute node.
+ */
+data class Node(
+    /**
+     * The unique identifier of the node.
+     */
+    public override val uid: UUID,
+
+    /**
+     * The optional name of the node.
+     */
+    public override val name: String,
+
+    /**
+     * The power state of the node.
+     */
+    public val powerState: PowerState,
+
+    /**
+     * The boot image of the node.
+     */
+    public val image: Image,
+
+    /**
+     * The server instance that is running on the node or `null` if no server is running.
+     */
+    public val server: Server?
+) : Identity {
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = uid.hashCode()
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = other is Node && uid == other.uid
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/PowerState.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/PowerState.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fce3f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/PowerState.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal
+
+/**
+ * The power state of a compute node.
+ */
+public enum class PowerState {
+    /**
+     * Node is powered on.
+     */
+    POWER_ON,
+
+    /**
+     * Node is powered off.
+     */
+    POWER_OFF,
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/BareMetalDriver.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/BareMetalDriver.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1330158e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/BareMetalDriver.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.driver
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor.ServerMonitor
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.Node
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.PowerState
+
+/**
+ * A driver interface for the management interface of a bare-metal compute node.
+ */
+public interface BareMetalDriver {
+    /**
+     * Initialize the driver.
+     */
+    public suspend fun init(monitor: ServerMonitor): Node
+
+    /**
+     * Update the power state of the compute node.
+     */
+    public suspend fun setPower(powerState: PowerState): Node
+
+    /**
+     * Update the boot disk image of the compute node.
+     *
+     * Changing the boot disk image of node does not affect it while the node is running. In order to start the new boot
+     * disk image, the compute node must be restarted.
+     */
+    public suspend fun setImage(image: Image): Node
+
+    /**
+     * Obtain the state of the compute node.
+     */
+    public suspend fun refresh(): Node
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/FakeBareMetalDriver.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/FakeBareMetalDriver.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d984017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/FakeBareMetalDriver.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.driver
+
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.processContext
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Flavor
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.ServerState
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution.ServerManagementContext
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.execution.serialize
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.EmptyImage
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor.ServerMonitor
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.Node
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.PowerState
+import java.util.UUID
+import kotlin.math.max
+import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
+
+/**
+ * A implementation of the [BareMetalDriver] that simulates an [Image] running on a bare-metal machine, but performs
+ * not actual computation.
+ *
+ * @param uid The unique identifier of the machine.
+ * @param name An optional name of the machine.
+ * @param flavor The hardware configuration of the machine.
+ */
+public class FakeBareMetalDriver(
+    uid: UUID,
+    name: String,
+    private val flavor: Flavor
+) : BareMetalDriver {
+    /**
+     * The monitor to use.
+     */
+    private lateinit var monitor: ServerMonitor
+
+    /**
+     * The machine state.
+     */
+    private var node: Node = Node(uid, name, PowerState.POWER_OFF, EmptyImage, null)
+
+    override suspend fun init(monitor: ServerMonitor): Node {
+        this.monitor = monitor
+        return node
+    }
+
+    override suspend fun setPower(powerState: PowerState): Node {
+        val previousPowerState = node.powerState
+        val server = when (node.powerState to powerState) {
+            PowerState.POWER_OFF to PowerState.POWER_OFF -> null
+            PowerState.POWER_OFF to PowerState.POWER_ON -> Server(node.uid, node.name, flavor, node.image, ServerState.BUILD)
+            PowerState.POWER_ON to PowerState.POWER_OFF -> null // TODO Terminate existing image
+            PowerState.POWER_ON to PowerState.POWER_ON -> node.server
+            else -> throw IllegalStateException()
+        }
+        node = node.copy(powerState = powerState, server = server)
+
+        if (powerState != previousPowerState && server != null) {
+            launch()
+        }
+
+        return node
+    }
+
+    override suspend fun setImage(image: Image): Node {
+        node = node.copy(image = image)
+        return node
+    }
+
+    override suspend fun refresh(): Node = node
+
+    /**
+     * Launch the server image on the machine.
+     */
+    private suspend fun launch() {
+        val serverCtx = this.serverCtx.serialize()
+
+        processContext.spawn {
+            serverCtx.init()
+            try {
+                node.server!!.image(serverCtx)
+                serverCtx.exit()
+            } catch (cause: Throwable) {
+                serverCtx.exit(cause)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private val serverCtx = object : ServerManagementContext {
+        override var server: Server
+            get() = node.server!!
+            set(value) {
+                node = node.copy(server = value)
+            }
+
+        override suspend fun init() {
+            val previousState = server.state
+            server = server.copy(state = ServerState.ACTIVE)
+            monitor.onUpdate(server, previousState)
+        }
+
+        override suspend fun exit(cause: Throwable?) {
+            val previousState = server.state
+            val state = if (cause == null) ServerState.SHUTOFF else ServerState.ERROR
+            server = server.copy(state = state)
+            monitor.onUpdate(server, previousState)
+        }
+
+        override suspend fun run(req: LongArray) {
+            // TODO Properly implement this for multiple CPUs
+            val time = max(0, req.max() ?: 0) * flavor.cpus[0].clockRate
+            delay(time.toLong())
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/Protocol.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/Protocol.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8996f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/Protocol.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.driver
+
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.ReceivePort
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.SendPort
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.processContext
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor.ServerMonitor
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.Node
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.PowerState
+import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+
+/**
+ * Messages that may be sent to the management interface of a bare-metal compute [Node], similar to the
+ * [BareMetalDriver] interface.
+ */
+public sealed class NodeRequest {
+    /**
+     * Initialize the compute node.
+     */
+    public data class Initialize(public val monitor: ServerMonitor) : NodeRequest()
+
+    /**
+     * Update the power state of the compute node.
+     */
+    public data class SetPowerState(public val state: PowerState) : NodeRequest()
+
+    /**
+     * Update the boot disk image of the compute node.
+     */
+    public data class SetImage(public val image: Image) : NodeRequest()
+
+    /**
+     * Obtain the state of the compute node.
+     */
+    public object Refresh : NodeRequest()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Responses emitted by a bare-metal compute [Node].
+ */
+public sealed class NodeResponse {
+    /**
+     * The node that sent this response.
+     */
+    public abstract val node: Node
+
+    /**
+     * A response sent when the bare metal driver has been initialized.
+     */
+    public data class Initialized(public override val node: Node) : NodeResponse()
+
+    /**
+     * A response sent to indicate the power state of the node changed.
+     */
+    public data class PowerStateChanged(public override val node: Node) : NodeResponse()
+
+    /**
+     * A response sent to indicate the image of a node was changed.
+     */
+    public data class ImageChanged(public override val node: Node) : NodeResponse()
+
+    /**
+     * A response sent for obtaining the refreshed [Node] instance.
+     */
+    public data class Refreshed(public override val node: Node) : NodeResponse()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Serialize the specified [BareMetalDriver] instance in order to safely send this object across logical processes.
+ */
+public suspend fun BareMetalDriver.serialize(): BareMetalDriver {
+    val ctx = processContext
+    val input = ctx.open<NodeRequest>()
+    val output = ctx.open<NodeResponse>()
+
+    ctx.launch {
+        val outlet = processContext.connect(output.send)
+        val inlet = processContext.listen(input.receive)
+
+        while (isActive) {
+            when (val msg = inlet.receive()) {
+                is NodeRequest.Initialize ->
+                    outlet.send(NodeResponse.Initialized(init(msg.monitor)))
+                is NodeRequest.SetPowerState ->
+                    outlet.send(NodeResponse.PowerStateChanged(setPower(msg.state)))
+                is NodeRequest.SetImage ->
+                    outlet.send(NodeResponse.ImageChanged(setImage(msg.image)))
+                is NodeRequest.Refresh ->
+                    outlet.send(NodeResponse.Refreshed(refresh()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return object : BareMetalDriver {
+        private lateinit var inlet: ReceivePort<NodeResponse>
+        private lateinit var outlet: SendPort<NodeRequest>
+
+        override suspend fun init(monitor: ServerMonitor): Node {
+            outlet = processContext.connect(input.send)
+            inlet = processContext.listen(output.receive)
+
+            outlet.send(NodeRequest.Initialize(monitor))
+            return (inlet.receive() as NodeResponse.Initialized).node
+        }
+
+        override suspend fun setPower(powerState: PowerState): Node {
+            outlet.send(NodeRequest.SetPowerState(powerState))
+            return (inlet.receive() as NodeResponse.PowerStateChanged).node
+        }
+
+        override suspend fun setImage(image: Image): Node {
+            outlet.send(NodeRequest.SetImage(image))
+            return (inlet.receive() as NodeResponse.ImageChanged).node
+        }
+
+        override suspend fun refresh(): Node {
+            outlet.send(NodeRequest.Refresh)
+            return (inlet.receive() as NodeResponse.Refreshed).node
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/service/Allocation.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/service/Allocation.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f9ca71b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/service/Allocation.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.service
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.Node
+
+/**
+ * Represents an allocation of bare-metal compute nodes.
+ */
+public interface Allocation {
+    /**
+     * The compute nodes that have been allocated.
+     */
+    public val nodes: List<Node>
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/service/ProvisioningService.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/service/ProvisioningService.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df96f47f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/service/ProvisioningService.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.service
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor.ServerMonitor
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.Node
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.driver.BareMetalDriver
+
+/**
+ * A cloud platform service for provisioning bare-metal compute nodes on the platform.
+ */
+public interface ProvisioningService {
+    /**
+     * Create a new bare-metal compute node.
+     */
+    public suspend fun create(driver: BareMetalDriver): Node
+
+    /**
+     * Allocate the given number of nodes from the provisioner.
+     */
+    public suspend fun allocate(num: Int): Allocation
+
+    /**
+     * Refresh the state of a compute node.
+     */
+    public suspend fun refresh(node: Node): Node
+
+    /**
+     * Deploy the specified [Image] on a compute node.
+     */
+    public suspend fun deploy(node: Node, allocation: Allocation, image: Image, monitor: ServerMonitor): Node
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/virt/driver/VirtDriver.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/virt/driver/VirtDriver.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52aa6488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/main/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/virt/driver/VirtDriver.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.virt.driver
+
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.Image
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor.ServerMonitor
+
+/**
+ * A driver interface for a hypervisor running on some host server and communicating with the central compute service to
+ * provide virtualization for that particular resource.
+ */
+public interface VirtDriver {
+    /**
+     * Spawn the given [Image] on the compute resource of this driver.
+     */
+    public suspend fun spawn(image: Image, monitor: ServerMonitor): Server
+}
diff --git a/opendc/opendc-compute/src/test/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/FakeBareMetalDriverTest.kt b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/test/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/FakeBareMetalDriverTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc8f677e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc/opendc-compute/src/test/kotlin/com/atlarge/opendc/compute/metal/driver/FakeBareMetalDriverTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 atlarge-research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.driver
+
+import com.atlarge.odcsim.SimulationEngineProvider
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Flavor
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.ProcessingUnit
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.Server
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.ServerState
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.image.FlopsApplicationImage
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.core.monitor.ServerMonitor
+import com.atlarge.opendc.compute.metal.PowerState
+import java.util.ServiceLoader
+import java.util.UUID
+import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
+import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+
+internal class FakeBareMetalDriverTest {
+    /**
+     * A smoke test for the bare-metal driver.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun smoke() {
+        val provider = ServiceLoader.load(SimulationEngineProvider::class.java).first()
+        val system = provider({ ctx ->
+            val flavor = Flavor(listOf(ProcessingUnit("Intel", "Xeon", "amd64", 2300.0, 4)))
+            val image = FlopsApplicationImage(1000, 2)
+            val monitor = object : ServerMonitor {
+                override suspend fun onUpdate(server: Server, previousState: ServerState) {
+                    println(server)
+                }
+            }
+            val driver = FakeBareMetalDriver(UUID.randomUUID(), "test", flavor)
+
+            driver.init(monitor)
+            driver.setImage(image)
+            driver.setPower(PowerState.POWER_ON)
+            delay(5)
+            println(driver.refresh())
+        }, name = "sim")
+
+        runBlocking {
+            system.run()
+            system.terminate()
+        }
+    }
+}