merge: Add support for SQL via Apache Calcite (#78)

This pull request integrates initial support for SQL queries via Apache Calcite into the OpenDC codebase. 
Our vision is that users of OpenDC should be able to use SQL queries to access and process most 
of the experiment data generated by simulations.

This pull request moves towards this goal by adding the ability to query workload traces supported 
by OpenDC using SQL. We also provide a CLI for querying the data in workload traces via `opendc-trace-tools`:

```bash
opendc-trace-tools query -i data/bitbrains-small  -f opendc-vm "SELECT MAX(cpu_count) FROM resource_states"
```

## Implementation Notes :hammer_and_pick:

* Add Calcite (SQL) integration
* Add support for writing via SQL 
* Add support for writing via SQL 
* Support custom Parquet ReadSupport implementations
* Read records using low-level Parquet API 
* Do not use Avro when exporting experiment data
* Do not use Avro when reading WTF trace
* Drop dependency on Avro
* Add support for projections

## External Dependencies :four_leaf_clover:

* Apache Calcite

## Breaking API Changes :warning:

* The existing code for reading Parquet traces using Apache Avro has been removed.
* `TraceFormat.newReader` now accepts a nullable `projection` parameter 

13 files changed, 879 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/InsertableTable.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/InsertableTable.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c7b69a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/InsertableTable.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.Enumerable
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.Table
+
+/**
+ * A Calcite [Table] to which rows can be inserted.
+ */
+internal interface InsertableTable : Table {
+    /**
+     * Insert [rows] into this table.
+     *
+     * @param rows The rows to insert into the table.
+     * @return The number of rows inserted.
+     */
+    fun insert(rows: Enumerable<Array<Any?>>): Long
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceReaderEnumerator.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceReaderEnumerator.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1854f262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceReaderEnumerator.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.Enumerator
+import org.opendc.trace.TableColumn
+import org.opendc.trace.TableReader
+import java.sql.Timestamp
+import java.time.Duration
+import java.time.Instant
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+/**
+ * An [Enumerator] for a [TableReader].
+ */
+internal class TraceReaderEnumerator<E>(
+    private val reader: TableReader,
+    private val columns: List<TableColumn<*>>,
+    private val cancelFlag: AtomicBoolean
+) : Enumerator<E> {
+    private val columnIndices = columns.map { reader.resolve(it) }.toIntArray()
+    private var current: E? = null
+
+    override fun moveNext(): Boolean {
+        if (cancelFlag.get()) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        val reader = reader
+        val res = reader.nextRow()
+
+        if (res) {
+            @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+            current = convertRow(reader) as E
+        } else {
+            current = null
+        }
+
+        return res
+    }
+
+    override fun current(): E = checkNotNull(current)
+
+    override fun reset() {
+        throw UnsupportedOperationException()
+    }
+
+    override fun close() {
+        reader.close()
+    }
+
+    private fun convertRow(reader: TableReader): Array<Any?> {
+        val res = arrayOfNulls<Any?>(columns.size)
+        val columnIndices = columnIndices
+
+        for ((index, column) in columns.withIndex()) {
+            val columnIndex = columnIndices[index]
+            res[index] = convertColumn(reader, column, columnIndex)
+        }
+        return res
+    }
+
+    private fun convertColumn(reader: TableReader, column: TableColumn<*>, columnIndex: Int): Any? {
+        val value = reader.get(columnIndex)
+
+        return when (column.type) {
+            Instant::class.java -> Timestamp.from(value as Instant)
+            Duration::class.java -> (value as Duration).toMillis()
+            Set::class.java -> (value as Set<*>).toTypedArray()
+            else -> value
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchema.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchema.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3249546d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchema.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.Schema
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.Table
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.impl.AbstractSchema
+import org.opendc.trace.Trace
+
+/**
+ * A Calcite [Schema] that exposes an OpenDC [Trace] into multiple SQL tables.
+ *
+ * @param trace The [Trace] to create a schema for.
+ */
+public class TraceSchema(private val trace: Trace) : AbstractSchema() {
+    /**
+     * The [Table]s that belong to this schema.
+     */
+    private val tables: Map<String, TraceTable> by lazy {
+        trace.tables.associateWith {
+            val table = checkNotNull(trace.getTable(it)) { "Unexpected null table" }
+            TraceTable(table)
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun getTableMap(): Map<String, Table> = tables
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchemaFactory.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchemaFactory.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c6badc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchemaFactory.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.model.ModelHandler
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.Schema
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.SchemaFactory
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.SchemaPlus
+import org.opendc.trace.Trace
+import java.io.File
+import java.nio.file.Paths
+
+/**
+ * Factory that creates a [TraceSchema].
+ *
+ * This factory allows users to include a schema that references a trace in a `model.json` file.
+ */
+public class TraceSchemaFactory : SchemaFactory {
+    override fun create(parentSchema: SchemaPlus, name: String, operand: Map<String, Any>): Schema {
+        val base = operand[ModelHandler.ExtraOperand.BASE_DIRECTORY.camelName] as File?
+        val pathParam = requireNotNull(operand["path"]) { "Trace path not specified" } as String
+        val path = if (base != null) File(base, pathParam).toPath() else Paths.get(pathParam)
+
+        val format = requireNotNull(operand["format"]) { "Trace format not specified" } as String
+        val create = operand.getOrDefault("create", false) as Boolean
+
+        val trace = if (create) Trace.create(path, format) else Trace.open(path, format)
+        return TraceSchema(trace)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTable.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTable.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c571b82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTable.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.DataContext
+import org.apache.calcite.adapter.java.AbstractQueryableTable
+import org.apache.calcite.adapter.java.JavaTypeFactory
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.*
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelOptCluster
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.RelOptTable
+import org.apache.calcite.prepare.Prepare.CatalogReader
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelNode
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.TableModify
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalTableModify
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.type.RelDataType
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.type.RelDataTypeFactory
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexNode
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.*
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.impl.AbstractTableQueryable
+import org.apache.calcite.sql.type.SqlTypeName
+import java.time.Duration
+import java.time.Instant
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+/**
+ * A Calcite [Table] that exposes an OpenDC [org.opendc.trace.Table] as SQL table.
+ */
+internal class TraceTable(private val table: org.opendc.trace.Table) :
+    AbstractQueryableTable(Array<Any?>::class.java),
+    ProjectableFilterableTable,
+    ModifiableTable,
+    InsertableTable {
+    private var rowType: RelDataType? = null
+
+    override fun getRowType(typeFactory: RelDataTypeFactory): RelDataType {
+        var rowType = rowType
+        if (rowType == null) {
+            rowType = deduceRowType(typeFactory as JavaTypeFactory)
+            this.rowType = rowType
+        }
+
+        return rowType
+    }
+
+    override fun scan(root: DataContext, filters: MutableList<RexNode>, projects: IntArray?): Enumerable<Array<Any?>> {
+        // Filters are currently not supported by the OpenDC trace API. By keeping the filters in the list, Calcite
+        // assumes that they are declined and will perform the filters itself.
+
+        val projection = projects?.map { table.columns[it] }
+        val cancelFlag = DataContext.Variable.CANCEL_FLAG.get<AtomicBoolean>(root)
+        return object : AbstractEnumerable<Array<Any?>>() {
+            override fun enumerator(): Enumerator<Array<Any?>> =
+                TraceReaderEnumerator(table.newReader(projection), projection ?: table.columns, cancelFlag)
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun insert(rows: Enumerable<Array<Any?>>): Long {
+        val table = table
+        val columns = table.columns
+        val writer = table.newWriter()
+        val columnIndices = columns.map { writer.resolve(it) }.toIntArray()
+        var rowCount = 0L
+
+        try {
+            for (row in rows) {
+                writer.startRow()
+
+                for ((index, value) in row.withIndex()) {
+                    if (value == null) {
+                        continue
+                    }
+                    val columnType = columns[index].type
+
+                    writer.set(
+                        columnIndices[index],
+                        when (columnType) {
+                            Duration::class.java -> Duration.ofMillis(value as Long)
+                            Instant::class.java -> Instant.ofEpochMilli(value as Long)
+                            Set::class.java -> (value as List<*>).toSet()
+                            else -> value
+                        }
+                    )
+                }
+
+                writer.endRow()
+
+                rowCount++
+            }
+        } finally {
+            writer.close()
+        }
+
+        return rowCount
+    }
+
+    override fun <T> asQueryable(queryProvider: QueryProvider, schema: SchemaPlus, tableName: String): Queryable<T> {
+        return object : AbstractTableQueryable<T>(queryProvider, schema, this@TraceTable, tableName) {
+            override fun enumerator(): Enumerator<T> {
+                val cancelFlag = AtomicBoolean(false)
+                return TraceReaderEnumerator(
+                    this@TraceTable.table.newReader(),
+                    this@TraceTable.table.columns,
+                    cancelFlag
+                )
+            }
+
+            override fun toString(): String = "TraceTableQueryable[table=$tableName]"
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun getModifiableCollection(): MutableCollection<Any?>? = null
+
+    override fun toModificationRel(
+        cluster: RelOptCluster,
+        table: RelOptTable,
+        catalogReader: CatalogReader,
+        child: RelNode,
+        operation: TableModify.Operation,
+        updateColumnList: MutableList<String>?,
+        sourceExpressionList: MutableList<RexNode>?,
+        flattened: Boolean
+    ): TableModify {
+        cluster.planner.addRule(TraceTableModifyRule.DEFAULT.toRule())
+
+        return LogicalTableModify.create(
+            table,
+            catalogReader,
+            child,
+            operation,
+            updateColumnList,
+            sourceExpressionList,
+            flattened
+        )
+    }
+
+    override fun toString(): String = "TraceTable"
+
+    private fun deduceRowType(typeFactory: JavaTypeFactory): RelDataType {
+        val types = mutableListOf<RelDataType>()
+        val names = mutableListOf<String>()
+
+        for (column in table.columns) {
+            names.add(column.name)
+            types.add(
+                when (column.type) {
+                    Instant::class.java -> typeFactory.createSqlType(SqlTypeName.TIMESTAMP)
+                    Duration::class.java -> typeFactory.createSqlType(SqlTypeName.BIGINT)
+                    Set::class.java -> typeFactory.createMultisetType(typeFactory.createSqlType(SqlTypeName.UNKNOWN), -1)
+                    else -> typeFactory.createType(column.type)
+                }
+            )
+        }
+
+        return typeFactory.createStructType(types, names)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTableModify.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTableModify.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64dc0cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTableModify.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.adapter.enumerable.*
+import org.apache.calcite.adapter.enumerable.EnumerableRel.Prefer
+import org.apache.calcite.adapter.java.JavaTypeFactory
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.Enumerable
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.tree.BlockBuilder
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.tree.Expressions
+import org.apache.calcite.linq4j.tree.Types
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.*
+import org.apache.calcite.prepare.Prepare
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelNode
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.TableModify
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.metadata.RelMetadataQuery
+import org.apache.calcite.rex.RexNode
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.ModifiableTable
+import org.apache.calcite.util.BuiltInMethod
+import java.lang.reflect.Method
+
+/**
+ * A [TableModify] expression that modifies a workload trace.
+ */
+internal class TraceTableModify(
+    cluster: RelOptCluster,
+    traitSet: RelTraitSet,
+    table: RelOptTable,
+    schema: Prepare.CatalogReader,
+    input: RelNode,
+    operation: Operation,
+    updateColumnList: List<String>?,
+    sourceExpressionList: List<RexNode>?,
+    flattened: Boolean
+) : TableModify(cluster, traitSet, table, schema, input, operation, updateColumnList, sourceExpressionList, flattened),
+    EnumerableRel {
+    init {
+        // Make sure the table is modifiable
+        table.unwrap(ModifiableTable::class.java) ?: throw AssertionError() // TODO: user error in validator
+    }
+
+    override fun copy(traitSet: RelTraitSet, inputs: List<RelNode>?): RelNode {
+        return TraceTableModify(
+            cluster,
+            traitSet,
+            table,
+            getCatalogReader(),
+            sole(inputs),
+            operation,
+            updateColumnList,
+            sourceExpressionList,
+            isFlattened
+        )
+    }
+
+    override fun computeSelfCost(planner: RelOptPlanner, mq: RelMetadataQuery?): RelOptCost {
+        // Prefer this plan compared to the standard EnumerableTableModify.
+        return super.computeSelfCost(planner, mq)!!.multiplyBy(.1)
+    }
+
+    override fun implement(implementor: EnumerableRelImplementor, pref: Prefer): EnumerableRel.Result {
+        val builder = BlockBuilder()
+        val result = implementor.visitChild(this, 0, getInput() as EnumerableRel, pref)
+        val childExp = builder.append("child", result.block)
+        val convertedChildExpr = if (getInput().rowType != rowType) {
+            val typeFactory = cluster.typeFactory as JavaTypeFactory
+            val format = EnumerableTableScan.deduceFormat(table)
+            val physType = PhysTypeImpl.of(typeFactory, table.rowType, format)
+            val childPhysType = result.physType
+            val o = Expressions.parameter(childPhysType.javaRowType, "o")
+            val expressionList = List(childPhysType.rowType.fieldCount) { i ->
+                childPhysType.fieldReference(o, i, physType.getJavaFieldType(i))
+            }
+
+            builder.append(
+                "convertedChild",
+                Expressions.call(
+                    childExp,
+                    BuiltInMethod.SELECT.method,
+                    Expressions.lambda<org.apache.calcite.linq4j.function.Function<*>>(physType.record(expressionList), o)
+                )
+            )
+        } else {
+            childExp
+        }
+
+        if (!isInsert) {
+            throw UnsupportedOperationException("Deletion and update not supported")
+        }
+
+        val expression = table.getExpression(InsertableTable::class.java)
+        builder.add(
+            Expressions.return_(
+                null,
+                Expressions.call(
+                    BuiltInMethod.SINGLETON_ENUMERABLE.method,
+                    Expressions.call(
+                        Long::class.java,
+                        expression,
+                        INSERT_METHOD,
+                        convertedChildExpr,
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        val rowFormat = if (pref === Prefer.ARRAY) JavaRowFormat.ARRAY else JavaRowFormat.SCALAR
+        val physType = PhysTypeImpl.of(implementor.typeFactory, getRowType(), rowFormat)
+        return implementor.result(physType, builder.toBlock())
+    }
+
+    private companion object {
+        /**
+         * Reference to [InsertableTable.insert] method.
+         */
+        val INSERT_METHOD: Method = Types.lookupMethod(InsertableTable::class.java, "insert", Enumerable::class.java)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTableModifyRule.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTableModifyRule.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7572e381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceTableModifyRule.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.adapter.enumerable.EnumerableConvention
+import org.apache.calcite.plan.Convention
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.RelNode
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.convert.ConverterRule
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.core.TableModify
+import org.apache.calcite.rel.logical.LogicalTableModify
+import org.apache.calcite.schema.ModifiableTable
+
+/**
+ * A [ConverterRule] from a [LogicalTableModify] to a [TraceTableModify].
+ */
+internal class TraceTableModifyRule(config: Config) : ConverterRule(config) {
+    override fun convert(rel: RelNode): RelNode? {
+        val modify = rel as TableModify
+        val table = modify.table!!
+
+        // Make sure that the table is modifiable
+        if (table.unwrap(ModifiableTable::class.java) == null) {
+            return null
+        }
+
+        val traitSet = modify.traitSet.replace(EnumerableConvention.INSTANCE)
+        return TraceTableModify(
+            modify.cluster, traitSet,
+            table,
+            modify.catalogReader,
+            convert(modify.input, traitSet),
+            modify.operation,
+            modify.updateColumnList,
+            modify.sourceExpressionList,
+            modify.isFlattened
+        )
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+        /** Default configuration.  */
+        val DEFAULT: Config = Config.INSTANCE
+            .withConversion(LogicalTableModify::class.java, Convention.NONE, EnumerableConvention.INSTANCE, "TraceTableModificationRule")
+            .withRuleFactory { config: Config -> TraceTableModifyRule(config) }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/CalciteTest.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/CalciteTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2877d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/CalciteTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.apache.calcite.jdbc.CalciteConnection
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import org.opendc.trace.Trace
+import java.nio.file.Files
+import java.nio.file.Paths
+import java.sql.DriverManager
+import java.sql.ResultSet
+import java.sql.Statement
+import java.sql.Timestamp
+import java.util.*
+
+/**
+ * Smoke test for Apache Calcite integration.
+ */
+class CalciteTest {
+    /**
+     * The trace to experiment with.
+     */
+    private val trace = Trace.open(Paths.get("src/test/resources/trace"), format = "opendc-vm")
+
+    @Test
+    fun testResources() {
+        runQuery(trace, "SELECT * FROM trace.resources") { rs ->
+            assertAll(
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1019", rs.getString("id")) },
+                { assertEquals(1, rs.getInt("cpu_count")) },
+                { assertEquals(Timestamp.valueOf("2013-08-12 13:40:46.0"), rs.getTimestamp("start_time")) },
+                { assertEquals(181352.0, rs.getDouble("mem_capacity")) },
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1023", rs.getString("id")) },
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1052", rs.getString("id")) },
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1073", rs.getString("id")) },
+                { assertFalse(rs.next()) }
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testResourceStates() {
+        runQuery(trace, "SELECT * FROM trace.resource_states") { rs ->
+            assertAll(
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1019", rs.getString("id")) },
+                { assertEquals(Timestamp.valueOf("2013-08-12 13:40:46.0"), rs.getTimestamp("timestamp")) },
+                { assertEquals(300000, rs.getLong("duration")) },
+                { assertEquals(0.0, rs.getDouble("cpu_usage")) },
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1019", rs.getString("id")) },
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testInterferenceGroups() {
+        runQuery(trace, "SELECT * FROM trace.interference_groups") { rs ->
+            assertAll(
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertArrayEquals(arrayOf("1019", "1023", "1052"), rs.getArray("members").array as Array<*>) },
+                { assertEquals(0.0, rs.getDouble("target")) },
+                { assertEquals(0.8830158730158756, rs.getDouble("score")) },
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testComplexQuery() {
+        runQuery(trace, "SELECT max(cpu_usage) as max_cpu_usage, avg(cpu_usage) as avg_cpu_usage FROM trace.resource_states") { rs ->
+            assertAll(
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals(249.59993808, rs.getDouble("max_cpu_usage")) },
+                { assertEquals(5.387240309118493, rs.getDouble("avg_cpu_usage")) },
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testInsert() {
+        val tmp = Files.createTempDirectory("opendc")
+        val newTrace = Trace.create(tmp, "opendc-vm")
+
+        runStatement(newTrace) { stmt ->
+            val count = stmt.executeUpdate(
+                """
+                INSERT INTO trace.resources (id, start_time, stop_time, cpu_count, cpu_capacity, mem_capacity)
+                VALUES (1234, '2013-08-12 13:35:46.0', '2013-09-11 13:39:58.0', 1, 2926.0, 1024.0)
+                """.trimIndent()
+            )
+            assertEquals(1, count)
+        }
+
+        runQuery(newTrace, "SELECT * FROM trace.resources") { rs ->
+            assertAll(
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1234", rs.getString("id")) },
+                { assertEquals(1, rs.getInt("cpu_count")) },
+                { assertEquals(Timestamp.valueOf("2013-08-12 13:35:46.0"), rs.getTimestamp("start_time")) },
+                { assertEquals(2926.0, rs.getDouble("cpu_capacity")) },
+                { assertEquals(1024.0, rs.getDouble("mem_capacity")) }
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to run statement for the specified trace.
+     */
+    private fun runQuery(trace: Trace, query: String, block: (ResultSet) -> Unit) {
+        runStatement(trace) { stmt ->
+            val rs = stmt.executeQuery(query)
+            rs.use { block(rs) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to run statement for the specified trace.
+     */
+    private fun runStatement(trace: Trace, block: (Statement) -> Unit) {
+        val info = Properties()
+        info.setProperty("lex", "JAVA")
+        val connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:calcite:", info).unwrap(CalciteConnection::class.java)
+        connection.rootSchema.add("trace", TraceSchema(trace))
+
+        val stmt = connection.createStatement()
+        try {
+            block(stmt)
+        } finally {
+            stmt.close()
+            connection.close()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchemaFactoryTest.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchemaFactoryTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a552e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/calcite/TraceSchemaFactoryTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.trace.calcite
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+import java.sql.DriverManager
+import java.sql.Timestamp
+import java.util.*
+
+/**
+ * Test suite for [TraceSchemaFactory].
+ */
+class TraceSchemaFactoryTest {
+    @Test
+    fun testSmoke() {
+        val info = Properties()
+        info.setProperty("lex", "JAVA")
+        val connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:calcite:model=src/test/resources/model.json", info)
+        val stmt = connection.createStatement()
+        val rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM trace.resources")
+        try {
+            assertAll(
+                { assertTrue(rs.next()) },
+                { assertEquals("1019", rs.getString("id")) },
+                { assertEquals(1, rs.getInt("cpu_count")) },
+                { assertEquals(Timestamp.valueOf("2013-08-12 13:40:46.0"), rs.getTimestamp("start_time")) },
+                { assertEquals(181352.0, rs.getDouble("mem_capacity")) },
+            )
+        } finally {
+            rs.close()
+            stmt.close()
+            connection.close()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testWithoutParams() {
+        assertThrows<java.lang.RuntimeException> {
+            DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:calcite:schemaFactory=org.opendc.trace.calcite.TraceSchemaFactory")
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testWithoutPath() {
+        assertThrows<java.lang.RuntimeException> {
+            DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:calcite:schemaFactory=org.opendc.trace.calcite.TraceSchemaFactory; schema.format=opendc-vm")
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testWithoutFormat() {
+        assertThrows<java.lang.RuntimeException> {
+            DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:calcite:schemaFactory=org.opendc.trace.calcite.TraceSchemaFactory; schema.path=trace")
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/model.json b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/model.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91e2657f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/model.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+    "version": "1.0",
+    "defaultSchema": "trace",
+    "schemas": [
+        {
+            "name": "trace",
+            "type": "custom",
+            "factory": "org.opendc.trace.calcite.TraceSchemaFactory",
+            "operand": {
+                "path": "trace",
+                "format": "opendc-vm"
+            }
+        }
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/interference-model.json b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/interference-model.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a0616d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/interference-model.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[
+    {
+        "vms": [
+            "1019",
+            "1023",
+            "1052"
+        ],
+        "minServerLoad": 0.0,
+        "performanceScore": 0.8830158730158756
+    },
+    {
+        "vms": [
+            "1023",
+            "1052",
+            "1073"
+        ],
+        "minServerLoad": 0.0,
+        "performanceScore": 0.7133055555552751
+    }
+]
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/meta.parquet b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/meta.parquet
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8184945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/meta.parquet
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/trace.parquet b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/trace.parquet
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00ab5835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-calcite/src/test/resources/trace/trace.parquet