merge: Support conversion from Azure traces to OpenDC traces (#36)

This pull request adds support for converting Azure traces to the OpenDC trace format.

* Support GZIP files in Azure trace 
* Fix timestamp retrieval for Azure trace
* Add column for CPU capacity in OpenDC format 
* Support conversion from Azure trace format 

14 files changed, 373 insertions, 232 deletions

diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-api/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/util/CompositeTableReader.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-api/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/util/CompositeTableReader.kt
index dafc0798..11e032c7 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-api/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/util/CompositeTableReader.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-api/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/util/CompositeTableReader.kt
@@ -46,11 +46,7 @@ public abstract class CompositeTableReader : TableReader {
     protected abstract fun nextReader(): TableReader?
 
     override fun nextRow(): Boolean {
-        if (!hasStarted) {
-            assert(delegate == null) { "Duplicate initialization" }
-            delegate = nextReader()
-            hasStarted = true
-        }
+        tryStart()
 
         var delegate = delegate
 
@@ -68,6 +64,8 @@ public abstract class CompositeTableReader : TableReader {
     }
 
     override fun resolve(column: TableColumn<*>): Int {
+        tryStart()
+
         val delegate = delegate
         return delegate?.resolve(column) ?: -1
     }
@@ -107,4 +105,15 @@ public abstract class CompositeTableReader : TableReader {
     }
 
     override fun toString(): String = "CompositeTableReader"
+
+    /**
+     * Try to obtain the initial delegate.
+     */
+    private fun tryStart() {
+        if (!hasStarted) {
+            assert(delegate == null) { "Duplicate initialization" }
+            delegate = nextReader()
+            hasStarted = true
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceStateTableReader.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceStateTableReader.kt
index da8181fe..94a91999 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceStateTableReader.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceStateTableReader.kt
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ internal class AzureResourceStateTableReader(private val parser: CsvParser) : Ta
             when (parser.currentName) {
                 "timestamp" -> timestamp = Instant.ofEpochSecond(parser.longValue)
                 "vm id" -> id = parser.text
-                "CPU avg cpu" -> cpuUsagePct = parser.doubleValue
+                "CPU avg cpu" -> cpuUsagePct = (parser.doubleValue / 100.0) // Convert from % to [0, 1]
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceTableReader.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceTableReader.kt
index a6352613..6246dc35 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceTableReader.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureResourceTableReader.kt
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ internal class AzureResourceTableReader(private val parser: CsvParser) : TableRe
 
             when (parser.currentName) {
                 "vm id" -> id = parser.text
-                "vm created" -> startTime = Instant.ofEpochSecond(parser.longValue)
-                "vm deleted" -> stopTime = Instant.ofEpochSecond(parser.longValue)
+                "timestamp vm created" -> startTime = Instant.ofEpochSecond(parser.longValue)
+                "timestamp vm deleted" -> stopTime = Instant.ofEpochSecond(parser.longValue)
                 "vm virtual core count" -> cpuCores = parser.intValue
                 "vm memory" -> memCapacity = parser.doubleValue * 1e6 // GB to KB
             }
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormat.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormat.kt
index 253c7057..c9982877 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormat.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormat.kt
@@ -31,8 +31,9 @@ import org.opendc.trace.util.CompositeTableReader
 import java.nio.file.Files
 import java.nio.file.Path
 import java.util.stream.Collectors
-import kotlin.io.path.extension
-import kotlin.io.path.nameWithoutExtension
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream
+import kotlin.io.path.inputStream
+import kotlin.io.path.name
 
 /**
  * A format implementation for the Azure v1 format.
@@ -81,7 +82,10 @@ public class AzureTraceFormat : TraceFormat {
 
     override fun newReader(path: Path, table: String): TableReader {
         return when (table) {
-            TABLE_RESOURCES -> AzureResourceTableReader(factory.createParser(path.resolve("vmtable/vmtable.csv").toFile()))
+            TABLE_RESOURCES -> {
+                val stream = GZIPInputStream(path.resolve("vmtable/vmtable.csv.gz").inputStream())
+                AzureResourceTableReader(factory.createParser(stream))
+            }
             TABLE_RESOURCE_STATES -> newResourceStateReader(path)
             else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Table $table not supported")
         }
@@ -96,8 +100,8 @@ public class AzureTraceFormat : TraceFormat {
      */
     private fun newResourceStateReader(path: Path): TableReader {
         val partitions = Files.walk(path.resolve("vm_cpu_readings"), 1)
-            .filter { !Files.isDirectory(it) && it.extension == "csv" }
-            .collect(Collectors.toMap({ it.nameWithoutExtension }, { it }))
+            .filter { !Files.isDirectory(it) && it.name.endsWith(".csv.gz") }
+            .collect(Collectors.toMap({ it.name.removeSuffix(".csv.gz") }, { it }))
             .toSortedMap()
         val it = partitions.iterator()
 
@@ -105,7 +109,8 @@ public class AzureTraceFormat : TraceFormat {
             override fun nextReader(): TableReader? {
                 return if (it.hasNext()) {
                     val (_, partPath) = it.next()
-                    return AzureResourceStateTableReader(factory.createParser(partPath.toFile()))
+                    val stream = GZIPInputStream(partPath.inputStream())
+                    return AzureResourceStateTableReader(factory.createParser(stream))
                 } else {
                     null
                 }
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormatTest.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormatTest.kt
index b73bb728..eda0b214 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormatTest.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/azure/AzureTraceFormatTest.kt
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class AzureTraceFormatTest {
             { assertTrue(reader.nextRow()) },
             { assertEquals("+ZcrOp5/c/fJ6mVgP5qMZlOAGDwyjaaDNM0WoWOt2IDb47gT0UwK9lFwkPQv3C7Q", reader.get(RESOURCE_ID)) },
             { assertEquals(0, reader.get(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP).epochSecond) },
-            { assertEquals(2.86979, reader.getDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE_PCT), 0.01) }
+            { assertEquals(0.0286979, reader.getDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE_PCT), 0.01) }
         )
 
         reader.close()
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vm_cpu_readings/vm_cpu_readings-file-1-of-125.csv b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vm_cpu_readings/vm_cpu_readings-file-1-of-125.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index db6ddf8a..00000000
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vm_cpu_readings/vm_cpu_readings-file-1-of-125.csv
+++ /dev/null
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-0,1IYQhDD8NGuAFnVPnffmt1yk20B9JHQI5DMC4Ny09pe6Sedik6YCIIVeBHIEo34W,1.512222,3.53396,2.379989

-0,1SSMSUcJ7qKM7q2yka80+ZP0yYWiYxGQxcJ8KBi4+TsDpv5FLUS6i2DHLMtXB3An,3.9704,4.345802,4.126586

-0,17CA6zpUCxW+Pdh2g5W0kTdlPlgWbBKz4YrHvbGP/Hmf13nZQBc/VZO7EL6nM75C,8.052588,16.023168,13.600106

-0,04rwScmEvRr0aU/mAE7aKtKFwowolGaTAPyQHuaVKEFmEVMAKxo+7UBCk3vRRRBd,2.221999,5.809178,3.021269

-0,1H9K/TW4c28Aob/H1O53cyQT7pHRww0L1ocyn19z1+MxC+k+5M/PgEx9B3zT/CNf,2.985884,7.584636,3.995057

-0,2fgXOaNZld/i7o20ULRNhCeL+o+vgZYzDOIhQ2n28TcGxXR047+F1b7QiD+l1Ypf,0.068074,0.884132,0.239792

-0,+0bAvqEMTl/RGyFmuz4zJH3DLMI6Q+iHapYn5BpbZI+0PNNfM7PXm/mojw+e8Xpn,3.238927,4.259525,3.611511

-0,3OdFPkhA5Q99wyfxmgyxPAhWyDLkV++XFtPL8pD3w5f8mBWbokeBwgk4gmNIxCOL,0.461767,10.466777,4.985617

-0,0UE8gxQAdCGY+WGN9yd9CL2ZGGqoyGQ2PzQGndwecce24GyTUnuvREbnMWBZZ7bG,0.730279,6.785359,3.363408

-0,/Uk/U5u4d+KNQVPD63pklfxeWc2zDAkUnrVmvxgRTuqNFbn90h8TuU5GZ+OamGQ5,0.105853,1.739301,0.262678

-0,2im96EJfLyxm7TPrtOR9m6Inq4E4/qR+AvP0TbnSdvzXI+N9gHh7C2fzppzcR0i8,0.325895,2.012216,0.802437

-0,+CrXBNhT3ch1hYU2e9IGs7wfjSLRkKYgidJYc42LlsH39cYtwdAX3wKm1OGlf+Kl,18.815771,40.850218,22.470045

-0,/hXRrrjPrAw8xDSsJnEwLdkRN1e42zJLE/HO5DXk5gbGLRmRx5H9n4T0UmraZ8uW,0.361838,0.831517,0.423214

-0,/sTadDDv8poFeLWS7lD/SEtEgWCBHXB1IaiitjCru4AcK8Z32hNXlccdY8hlFzTp,3.203254,5.682829,3.859569

-0,333YaK054AGlUYuw0XWxYn5K8NwzhfzJ3mm4YNwB1YXKjgnO64ZItBNaBRQoOgXn,0.124811,0.384592,0.257066

-0,+ZkQz7QrPZIODz45A+60ZFnG18jnyYlSY/IgEe1Yj8c4cU8h+L8WDIKMv2uB7EwD,1.022656,6.508863,3.368929

-0,+X4DW7zA6whRfOWSHHONJ1u3f0DyBvC9PqDmXGFfbxT4aUGCC6kVm6fuGu9IsQyL,3.428286,15.183059,5.743137

-0,2KXdN0Pb4iyu0jVPocTTf3dwk2Z1LjIlAcydV3HURGIUn1dTycCDDCHg5G6l6i9t,0.282044,0.40582,0.311669

-0,2lGxRtUbBrRZmIYagONMp6vj0zHk4EGhu0aSH5Ws/CAXwBNZpCavBFDNCEcPsOkt,3.662958,8.660027,5.281077

-0,+IR6CKA4zeO742dCx1l2hR0plhTanlaxPWAbckkZNo6UAti83TpYPRXrrfdmm9Ar,0.086237,2.450893,0.969819

-0,2/hWJ+i+1FSHiD44Rr3S4xWMUHC6hIgoVBX2XGZ7cOFyLn9FWQ3Kevsocw7CGaxJ,1.499537,2.832775,1.900258

-0,1WnALZnCvRlfqnuRyrIf0wxQOGLhGuvxInHelnMBM6cw9G9hydTBxqV60JSL/48p,0.717535,5.066802,1.448937

diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vm_cpu_readings/vm_cpu_readings-file-1-of-125.csv.gz b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vm_cpu_readings/vm_cpu_readings-file-1-of-125.csv.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..592c7316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vm_cpu_readings/vm_cpu_readings-file-1-of-125.csv.gz
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vmtable/vmtable.csv b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vmtable/vmtable.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 299c518c..00000000
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vmtable/vmtable.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-x/XsOfHO4ocsV99i4NluqKDuxctW2MMVmwqOPAlg4wp8mqbBOe3wxBlQo0+Qx+uf,VDU4C8cqdr+ORcqquwMRcsBA2l0SC6lCPys0wdghKROuxPYysA2XYii9Y5ZkaYaq,Pc2VLB8aDxK2DCC96itq4vW/zVDp4wioAUiB3HoGSFYQ0o6/ZCegTpb9vEH4LeMTEWVObHTPRYEY81TYivZCMQ==,0,2591700,99.369869,3.4240942342446719,10.194309,Delay-insensitive,1,1.75

-H5CxmMoVcZSpjgGbohnVA3R+7uCTe/hM2ht2uIYi3t7KwXB4tkBxmZHBrt2A4x+n,BSXOcywx8pUU0DueDo6UMol1YzR6tn47KLEKaoXp0a1bf2PpzJ7n7lLlmhQ0OJf9,3J17LcV4gXjFat62qhVFRfoiWArHnY763HVqqI6orJCfV8h5j9yeotRMnCLlX1ooGkMyQ2MDOuY1oz111AGN9Q==,0,1539300,100,6.18178366757598,33.98136,Interactive,1,0.75

-wR/G1YUjpMP4zUbxGM/XJNhYS8cAK3SGKM2tqhF7VdeTUYHGktQiKQNoDTtYvnAc,VDU4C8cqdr+ORcqquwMRcsBA2l0SC6lCPys0wdghKROuxPYysA2XYii9Y5ZkaYaq,Pc2VLB8aDxK2DCC96itq4vW/zVDp4wioAUiB3HoGSFYQ0o6/ZCegTpb9vEH4LeMT+hzuAPZnYJMu61JNhTDF/Q==,2188800,2591700,99.569027,3.5736346071428589,7.92425,Delay-insensitive,1,1.75

-1XiU+KpvIa3T1XP8kk3ZY71Of03+ogFL5Pag9Mc2jBuh0YqeW0Zcb9lepKLdPEDg,8u+M3WcFp8pq183WoMB79PhK7xUzbaviOBv0qWN6Xn4mbuNVM1GYJlIjswgit+k1,DHbeI+pYTYFjH8JAF8SewM0z/4SqQctvxcBRGIRglBmeLW5VjISVEw7/IpY345kHwHtk7+SKlEwc1upnT3PigA==,0,2591700,99.405085,16.2876105408034,95.69789,Delay-insensitive,8,56

-z5i2HiSaz6ZdLR6PXdnDjGva3jIlkMPXx23VtfXx9q3dXFRBQrxCOj7sHUsrmFLa,VDU4C8cqdr+ORcqquwMRcsBA2l0SC6lCPys0wdghKROuxPYysA2XYii9Y5ZkaYaq,Pc2VLB8aDxK2DCC96itq4vW/zVDp4wioAUiB3HoGSFYQ0o6/ZCegTpb9vEH4LeMTEWVObHTPRYEY81TYivZCMQ==,0,2188500,98.967961,3.036037969572376,9.445484,Delay-insensitive,1,1.75

-n77nP00/UpJmT+Yx1ZkDphvAqPoHU8yUpDCwyUtPNlRENqvNp6Inya1eiy7VP1+x,8u+M3WcFp8pq183WoMB79PhK7xUzbaviOBv0qWN6Xn4mbuNVM1GYJlIjswgit+k1,DHbeI+pYTYFjH8JAF8SewM0z/4SqQctvxcBRGIRglBmeLW5VjISVEw7/IpY345kHwHtk7+SKlEwc1upnT3PigA==,0,2591700,99.448473,34.17401179027781,98.553018,Delay-insensitive,8,56

-aTSXW3N1KepxKYwKumd7T1+f7DkGolSKV8EArYAdctjD26YqSMKezCVSdvmSgqIQ,dBub/K+8I6jD9t2ExqUdRNlVxPPvDWqICA9Sr+yzcBZ/nNuC0W2swapPoBNIRoF+,C9GnRqFF2lzW/elUsLEwhyAQj9D/d5JIOOgvwfPL1aINf+m1f29G7nXhr6mRPGbiofmjfP9GkepcWz9LX5tp7Q==,2290500,2292300,94.113335,32.461745857142866,94.113335,Unkown,1,1.75

-uSkGH3DS6BVo3RFnw3GZb6WCFSmGgvgKi4HIj08yxO4f5ladUQc3pqDOtqRN0W9+,8u+M3WcFp8pq183WoMB79PhK7xUzbaviOBv0qWN6Xn4mbuNVM1GYJlIjswgit+k1,DHbeI+pYTYFjH8JAF8SewM0z/4SqQctvxcBRGIRglBmeLW5VjISVEw7/IpY345kHwHtk7+SKlEwc1upnT3PigA==,0,2591700,99.276369,1.3500837561060346,23.450372,Delay-insensitive,8,56

-ztRY/Sk5mrSFFcpy2usZ0YZZ7Eumq130/5BB8WVXfWaYvFkU+EhXUQ2kOFkCXuCw,dBub/K+8I6jD9t2ExqUdRNlVxPPvDWqICA9Sr+yzcBZ/nNuC0W2swapPoBNIRoF+,C9GnRqFF2lzW/elUsLEwhyAQj9D/d5JIOOgvwfPL1aINf+m1f29G7nXhr6mRPGbiofmjfP9GkepcWz9LX5tp7Q==,2281200,2300100,98.671595,43.724999781249991,98.13707,Unkown,1,1.75

-bJoIb8ras2ZNNSdAz3CAu4HYRd6k9MOqij/+6/+/5XaYw4+EoGdUEr74DCi974gJ,8u+M3WcFp8pq183WoMB79PhK7xUzbaviOBv0qWN6Xn4mbuNVM1GYJlIjswgit+k1,DHbeI+pYTYFjH8JAF8SewM0z/4SqQctvxcBRGIRglBmeLW5VjISVEw7/IpY345kHwHtk7+SKlEwc1upnT3PigA==,0,2591700,99.498748,18.989459534151351,94.751666,Interactive,8,56

diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vmtable/vmtable.csv.gz b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vmtable/vmtable.csv.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0adc6b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-azure/src/test/resources/trace/vmtable/vmtable.csv.gz
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableReader.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableReader.kt
index d93929aa..ffbdc440 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableReader.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableReader.kt
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ internal class OdcVmResourceTableReader(private val reader: LocalParquetReader<G
             COL_START_TIME -> Instant.ofEpochMilli(record[AVRO_COL_START_TIME] as Long)
             COL_STOP_TIME -> Instant.ofEpochMilli(record[AVRO_COL_STOP_TIME] as Long)
             COL_CPU_COUNT -> getInt(index)
+            COL_CPU_CAPACITY -> getDouble(index)
             COL_MEM_CAPACITY -> getDouble(index)
             else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid column")
         }
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ internal class OdcVmResourceTableReader(private val reader: LocalParquetReader<G
         val record = checkNotNull(record) { "Reader in invalid state" }
 
         return when (index) {
+            COL_CPU_CAPACITY -> if (AVRO_COL_CPU_CAPACITY >= 0) (record[AVRO_COL_CPU_CAPACITY] as Number).toDouble() else 0.0
             COL_MEM_CAPACITY -> (record[AVRO_COL_MEM_CAPACITY] as Number).toDouble()
             else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid column")
         }
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ internal class OdcVmResourceTableReader(private val reader: LocalParquetReader<G
             AVRO_COL_START_TIME = (schema.getField("start_time") ?: schema.getField("submissionTime")).pos()
             AVRO_COL_STOP_TIME = (schema.getField("stop_time") ?: schema.getField("endTime")).pos()
             AVRO_COL_CPU_COUNT = (schema.getField("cpu_count") ?: schema.getField("maxCores")).pos()
+            AVRO_COL_CPU_CAPACITY = schema.getField("cpu_capacity")?.pos() ?: -1
             AVRO_COL_MEM_CAPACITY = (schema.getField("mem_capacity") ?: schema.getField("requiredMemory")).pos()
         } catch (e: NullPointerException) {
             // This happens when the field we are trying to access does not exist
@@ -126,19 +129,22 @@ internal class OdcVmResourceTableReader(private val reader: LocalParquetReader<G
     private var AVRO_COL_START_TIME = -1
     private var AVRO_COL_STOP_TIME = -1
     private var AVRO_COL_CPU_COUNT = -1
+    private var AVRO_COL_CPU_CAPACITY = -1
     private var AVRO_COL_MEM_CAPACITY = -1
 
     private val COL_ID = 0
     private val COL_START_TIME = 1
     private val COL_STOP_TIME = 2
     private val COL_CPU_COUNT = 3
-    private val COL_MEM_CAPACITY = 4
+    private val COL_CPU_CAPACITY = 4
+    private val COL_MEM_CAPACITY = 5
 
     private val columns = mapOf(
         RESOURCE_ID to COL_ID,
         RESOURCE_START_TIME to COL_START_TIME,
         RESOURCE_STOP_TIME to COL_STOP_TIME,
         RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT to COL_CPU_COUNT,
+        RESOURCE_CPU_CAPACITY to COL_CPU_CAPACITY,
         RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY to COL_MEM_CAPACITY,
     )
 }
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableWriter.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableWriter.kt
index 9cc6ca7d..4b66a86f 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableWriter.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmResourceTableWriter.kt
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ internal class OdcVmResourceTableWriter(
             RESOURCE_START_TIME -> (schema.getField("start_time") ?: schema.getField("submissionTime")).pos()
             RESOURCE_STOP_TIME -> (schema.getField("stop_time") ?: schema.getField("endTime")).pos()
             RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT -> (schema.getField("cpu_count") ?: schema.getField("maxCores")).pos()
+            RESOURCE_CPU_CAPACITY -> schema.getField("cpu_capacity").pos()
             RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY -> (schema.getField("mem_capacity") ?: schema.getField("requiredMemory")).pos()
             else -> -1
         }
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmTraceFormat.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmTraceFormat.kt
index 9b32f8fd..886f3d54 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmTraceFormat.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-opendc/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/opendc/OdcVmTraceFormat.kt
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public class OdcVmTraceFormat : TraceFormat {
 
     override fun create(path: Path) {
         // Construct directory containing the trace files
-        Files.createDirectory(path)
+        Files.createDirectories(path)
 
         val tables = getTables(path)
 
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ public class OdcVmTraceFormat : TraceFormat {
                     RESOURCE_START_TIME,
                     RESOURCE_STOP_TIME,
                     RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT,
+                    RESOURCE_CPU_CAPACITY,
                     RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY,
                 )
             )
@@ -138,6 +139,7 @@ public class OdcVmTraceFormat : TraceFormat {
             .name("start_time").type(TIMESTAMP_SCHEMA).noDefault()
             .name("stop_time").type(TIMESTAMP_SCHEMA).noDefault()
             .requiredInt("cpu_count")
+            .requiredDouble("cpu_capacity")
             .requiredLong("mem_capacity")
             .endRecord()
 
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-tools/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/tools/TraceConverter.kt b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-tools/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/tools/TraceConverter.kt
index 6fad43be..a9bc9480 100644
--- a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-tools/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/tools/TraceConverter.kt
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-tools/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/trace/tools/TraceConverter.kt
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ import com.github.ajalt.clikt.core.CliktCommand
 import com.github.ajalt.clikt.parameters.arguments.argument
 import com.github.ajalt.clikt.parameters.groups.OptionGroup
 import com.github.ajalt.clikt.parameters.groups.cooccurring
+import com.github.ajalt.clikt.parameters.groups.defaultByName
+import com.github.ajalt.clikt.parameters.groups.groupChoice
 import com.github.ajalt.clikt.parameters.options.*
 import com.github.ajalt.clikt.parameters.types.*
 import mu.KotlinLogging
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@ import java.io.File
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
 import java.util.*
+import kotlin.collections.HashMap
 import kotlin.math.abs
 import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.min
@@ -83,6 +86,14 @@ internal class TraceConverterCli : CliktCommand(name = "trace-converter") {
      */
     private val samplingOptions by SamplingOptions().cooccurring()
 
+    /**
+     * The converter strategy to use.
+     */
+    private val converter by option("-c", "--converter", help = "converter strategy to use").groupChoice(
+        "default" to DefaultTraceConverter(),
+        "azure" to AzureTraceConverter(),
+    ).defaultByName("default")
+
     override fun run() {
         val metaParquet = File(output, "meta.parquet")
         val traceParquet = File(output, "trace.parquet")
@@ -101,7 +112,7 @@ internal class TraceConverterCli : CliktCommand(name = "trace-converter") {
 
         val metaWriter = outputTrace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCES)!!.newWriter()
 
-        val selectedVms = metaWriter.use { convertResources(inputTrace, it) }
+        val selectedVms = metaWriter.use { converter.convertResources(inputTrace, it, samplingOptions) }
 
         if (selectedVms.isEmpty()) {
             logger.warn { "No VMs selected" }
@@ -113,146 +124,325 @@ internal class TraceConverterCli : CliktCommand(name = "trace-converter") {
 
         val writer = outputTrace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCE_STATES)!!.newWriter()
 
-        val statesCount = writer.use { convertResourceStates(inputTrace, it, selectedVms) }
+        val statesCount = writer.use { converter.convertResourceStates(inputTrace, it, selectedVms) }
         logger.info { "Wrote $statesCount rows" }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Convert the resources table for the trace.
+     * Options for sampling the workload trace.
      */
-    private fun convertResources(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter): Set<String> {
-        val random = samplingOptions?.let { Random(it.seed) }
-        val samplingFraction = samplingOptions?.fraction ?: 1.0
-        val reader = checkNotNull(trace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCE_STATES)).newReader()
-
-        var hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
-        val selectedVms = mutableSetOf<String>()
-
-        while (hasNextRow) {
-            var id: String
-            var numCpus = Int.MIN_VALUE
-            var memCapacity = Double.MIN_VALUE
-            var memUsage = Double.MIN_VALUE
-            var startTime = Long.MAX_VALUE
-            var stopTime = Long.MIN_VALUE
-
-            do {
-                id = reader.get(RESOURCE_ID)
-
-                val timestamp = reader.get(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP).toEpochMilli()
-                startTime = min(startTime, timestamp)
-                stopTime = max(stopTime, timestamp)
-
-                numCpus = max(numCpus, reader.getInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT))
-
-                memCapacity = max(memCapacity, reader.getDouble(RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY))
-                if (reader.hasColumn(RESOURCE_STATE_MEM_USAGE)) {
-                    memUsage = max(memUsage, reader.getDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_MEM_USAGE))
-                }
-
-                hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
-            } while (hasNextRow && id == reader.get(RESOURCE_ID))
+    private class SamplingOptions : OptionGroup() {
+        /**
+         * The fraction of VMs to sample
+         */
+        val fraction by option("--sampling-fraction", help = "fraction of the workload to sample")
+            .double()
+            .restrictTo(0.0001, 1.0)
+            .required()
 
-            // Sample only a fraction of the VMs
-            if (random != null && random.nextDouble() > samplingFraction) {
-                continue
-            }
+        /**
+         * The seed for sampling the trace.
+         */
+        val seed by option("--sampling-seed", help = "seed for sampling the workload")
+            .long()
+            .default(0)
+    }
 
-            logger.info { "Selecting VM $id" }
-            selectedVms.add(id)
+    /**
+     * A trace conversion strategy.
+     */
+    private sealed class TraceConverter(name: String) : OptionGroup(name) {
+        /**
+         * Convert the resources table for the trace.
+         *
+         * @param trace The trace to convert.
+         * @param writer The table writer for the target format.
+         * @param samplingOptions The sampling options to use.
+         * @return The map of resources that have been selected.
+         */
+        abstract fun convertResources(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter, samplingOptions: SamplingOptions?): Map<String, Resource>
 
-            writer.startRow()
-            writer.set(RESOURCE_ID, id)
-            writer.set(RESOURCE_START_TIME, Instant.ofEpochMilli(startTime))
-            writer.set(RESOURCE_STOP_TIME, Instant.ofEpochMilli(stopTime))
-            writer.setInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT, numCpus)
-            writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY, max(memCapacity, memUsage))
-            writer.endRow()
-        }
+        /**
+         * Convert the resource states table for the trace.
+         *
+         * @param trace The trace to convert.
+         * @param writer The table writer for the target format.
+         * @param selected The set of virtual machines that have been selected.
+         * @return The number of rows written.
+         */
+        abstract fun convertResourceStates(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter, selected: Map<String, Resource>): Int
 
-        return selectedVms
+        /**
+         * A resource in the resource table.
+         */
+        data class Resource(
+            val id: String,
+            val startTime: Instant,
+            val stopTime: Instant,
+            val cpuCount: Int,
+            val cpuCapacity: Double,
+            val memCapacity: Double
+        )
     }
 
     /**
-     * Convert the resource states table for the trace.
+     * Default implementation of [TraceConverter].
      */
-    private fun convertResourceStates(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter, selectedVms: Set<String>): Int {
-        val reader = checkNotNull(trace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCE_STATES)).newReader()
+    private class DefaultTraceConverter : TraceConverter("default") {
+        /**
+         * The logger instance for the converter.
+         */
+        private val logger = KotlinLogging.logger {}
+
+        override fun convertResources(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter, samplingOptions: SamplingOptions?): Map<String, Resource> {
+            val random = samplingOptions?.let { Random(it.seed) }
+            val samplingFraction = samplingOptions?.fraction ?: 1.0
+            val reader = checkNotNull(trace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCE_STATES)).newReader()
+
+            var hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
+            val selectedVms = mutableMapOf<String, Resource>()
+
+            val idCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_ID)
+            val timestampCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP)
+            val cpuCountCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT)
+            val cpuCapacityCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_CPU_CAPACITY)
+            val memCapacityCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY)
+            val memUsageCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_STATE_MEM_USAGE)
+
+            while (hasNextRow) {
+                var id: String
+                var cpuCount = 0
+                var cpuCapacity = 0.0
+                var memCapacity = 0.0
+                var memUsage = 0.0
+                var startTime = Long.MAX_VALUE
+                var stopTime = Long.MIN_VALUE
+
+                do {
+                    id = reader.get(idCol) as String
+
+                    val timestamp = (reader.get(timestampCol) as Instant).toEpochMilli()
+                    startTime = min(startTime, timestamp)
+                    stopTime = max(stopTime, timestamp)
+
+                    cpuCount = max(cpuCount, reader.getInt(cpuCountCol))
+                    cpuCapacity = max(cpuCapacity, reader.getDouble(cpuCapacityCol))
+                    memCapacity = max(memCapacity, reader.getDouble(memCapacityCol))
+                    if (memUsageCol > 0) {
+                        memUsage = max(memUsage, reader.getDouble(memUsageCol))
+                    }
+
+                    hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
+                } while (hasNextRow && id == reader.get(RESOURCE_ID))
+
+                // Sample only a fraction of the VMs
+                if (random != null && random.nextDouble() > samplingFraction) {
+                    continue
+                }
 
-        var hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
-        var count = 0
-        var lastId: String? = null
-        var lastTimestamp = 0L
+                logger.info { "Selecting VM $id" }
 
-        while (hasNextRow) {
-            val id = reader.get(RESOURCE_ID)
+                val startInstant = Instant.ofEpochMilli(startTime)
+                val stopInstant = Instant.ofEpochMilli(stopTime)
 
-            if (id !in selectedVms) {
-                hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
-                continue
-            }
+                selectedVms.computeIfAbsent(id) {
+                    Resource(it, startInstant, stopInstant, cpuCount, cpuCapacity, max(memCapacity, memUsage))
+                }
 
-            val cpuCount = reader.getInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT)
-            val cpuUsage = reader.getDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE)
+                writer.startRow()
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_ID, id)
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_START_TIME, startInstant)
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_STOP_TIME, stopInstant)
+                writer.setInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT, cpuCount)
+                writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_CPU_CAPACITY, cpuCapacity)
+                writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY, max(memCapacity, memUsage))
+                writer.endRow()
+            }
 
-            val startTimestamp = reader.get(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP).toEpochMilli()
-            var timestamp = startTimestamp
-            var duration: Long
+            return selectedVms
+        }
 
-            // Check whether the previous entry is from a different VM
-            if (id != lastId) {
-                lastTimestamp = timestamp - 5 * 60 * 1000L
-            }
+        override fun convertResourceStates(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter, selected: Map<String, Resource>): Int {
+            val reader = checkNotNull(trace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCE_STATES)).newReader()
+
+            val idCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_ID)
+            val timestampCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP)
+            val cpuCountCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT)
+            val cpuUsageCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE)
+
+            var hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
+            var count = 0
+            var lastId: String? = null
+            var lastTimestamp = 0L
+
+            while (hasNextRow) {
+                val id = reader.get(idCol) as String
+                val resource = selected[id]
+                if (resource == null) {
+                    hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
+                    continue
+                }
 
-            do {
-                timestamp = reader.get(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP).toEpochMilli()
+                val cpuCount = reader.getInt(cpuCountCol)
+                val cpuUsage = reader.getDouble(cpuUsageCol)
 
-                duration = timestamp - lastTimestamp
-                hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
+                val startTimestamp = (reader.get(timestampCol) as Instant).toEpochMilli()
+                var timestamp = startTimestamp
+                var duration: Long
 
-                if (!hasNextRow) {
-                    break
+                // Check whether the previous entry is from a different VM
+                if (id != lastId) {
+                    lastTimestamp = timestamp - 5 * 60 * 1000L
                 }
 
-                val shouldContinue = id == reader.get(RESOURCE_ID) &&
-                    abs(cpuUsage - reader.getDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE)) < 0.01 &&
-                    cpuCount == reader.getInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT)
-            } while (shouldContinue)
+                do {
+                    timestamp = (reader.get(timestampCol) as Instant).toEpochMilli()
 
-            writer.startRow()
-            writer.set(RESOURCE_ID, id)
-            writer.set(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP, Instant.ofEpochMilli(startTimestamp))
-            writer.set(RESOURCE_STATE_DURATION, Duration.ofMillis(duration))
-            writer.setInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT, cpuCount)
-            writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE, cpuUsage)
-            writer.endRow()
+                    duration = timestamp - lastTimestamp
+                    hasNextRow = reader.nextRow()
 
-            count++
+                    if (!hasNextRow) {
+                        break
+                    }
 
-            lastId = id
-            lastTimestamp = timestamp
-        }
+                    val shouldContinue = id == reader.get(idCol) &&
+                        abs(cpuUsage - reader.getDouble(cpuUsageCol)) < 0.01 &&
+                        cpuCount == reader.getInt(cpuCountCol)
+                } while (shouldContinue)
+
+                writer.startRow()
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_ID, id)
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP, Instant.ofEpochMilli(startTimestamp))
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_STATE_DURATION, Duration.ofMillis(duration))
+                writer.setInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT, cpuCount)
+                writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE, cpuUsage)
+                writer.endRow()
+
+                count++
+
+                lastId = id
+                lastTimestamp = timestamp
+            }
 
-        return count
+            return count
+        }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Options for sampling the workload trace.
+     * Implementation of [TraceConverter] for the Azure trace format.
      */
-    private class SamplingOptions : OptionGroup() {
+    private class AzureTraceConverter : TraceConverter("default") {
         /**
-         * The fraction of VMs to sample
+         * The logger instance for the converter.
          */
-        val fraction by option("--sampling-fraction", help = "fraction of the workload to sample")
-            .double()
-            .restrictTo(0.0001, 1.0)
-            .required()
+        private val logger = KotlinLogging.logger {}
 
         /**
-         * The seed for sampling the trace.
+         * CPU capacity of the machines used by Azure.
          */
-        val seed by option("--sampling-seed", help = "seed for sampling the workload")
-            .long()
-            .default(0)
+        private val CPU_CAPACITY = 2500.0
+
+        override fun convertResources(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter, samplingOptions: SamplingOptions?): Map<String, Resource> {
+            val random = samplingOptions?.let { Random(it.seed) }
+            val samplingFraction = samplingOptions?.fraction ?: 1.0
+            val reader = checkNotNull(trace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCES)).newReader()
+
+            val idCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_ID)
+            val startTimeCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_START_TIME)
+            val stopTimeCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_STOP_TIME)
+            val cpuCountCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT)
+            val memCapacityCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY)
+
+            val selectedVms = mutableMapOf<String, Resource>()
+
+            while (reader.nextRow()) {
+                // Sample only a fraction of the VMs
+                if (random != null && random.nextDouble() > samplingFraction) {
+                    continue
+                }
+
+                val id = reader.get(idCol) as String
+                val startTime = (reader.get(startTimeCol) as Instant).toEpochMilli()
+                val stopTime = (reader.get(stopTimeCol) as Instant).toEpochMilli()
+                val cpuCount = reader.getInt(cpuCountCol)
+                val memCapacity = reader.getDouble(memCapacityCol)
+
+                logger.info { "Selecting VM $id" }
+
+                val startInstant = Instant.ofEpochMilli(startTime)
+                val stopInstant = Instant.ofEpochMilli(stopTime)
+                val cpuCapacity = cpuCount * CPU_CAPACITY
+
+                selectedVms.computeIfAbsent(id) {
+                    Resource(it, startInstant, stopInstant, cpuCount, cpuCapacity, memCapacity)
+                }
+
+                writer.startRow()
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_ID, id)
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_START_TIME, Instant.ofEpochMilli(startTime))
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_STOP_TIME, Instant.ofEpochMilli(stopTime))
+                writer.setInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT, cpuCount)
+                writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_CPU_CAPACITY, cpuCount * CPU_CAPACITY)
+                writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_MEM_CAPACITY, memCapacity)
+                writer.endRow()
+            }
+
+            return selectedVms
+        }
+
+        override fun convertResourceStates(trace: Trace, writer: TableWriter, selected: Map<String, Resource>): Int {
+            val reader = checkNotNull(trace.getTable(TABLE_RESOURCE_STATES)).newReader()
+            val states = HashMap<String, State>()
+
+            val idCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_ID)
+            val timestampCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP)
+            val cpuUsageCol = reader.resolve(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE_PCT)
+
+            var count = 0
+
+            while (reader.nextRow()) {
+                val id = reader.get(idCol) as String
+                val resource = selected[id] ?: continue
+
+                val cpuUsage = reader.getDouble(cpuUsageCol) * CPU_CAPACITY // MHz
+                val state = states.computeIfAbsent(id) { State(resource, cpuUsage) }
+                val timestamp = (reader.get(timestampCol) as Instant).toEpochMilli()
+                val duration = (timestamp - state.startTime)
+
+                state.duration = duration
+
+                if (abs(cpuUsage - state.cpuUsage) > 0.01) {
+                    state.write(writer)
+
+                    state.startTime = timestamp
+                    state.duration = 0
+                    state.cpuUsage = cpuUsage
+                }
+
+                count++
+            }
+
+            for ((_, state) in states) {
+                state.duration += state.startTime - state.resource.stopTime.toEpochMilli()
+                state.write(writer)
+            }
+
+            return count
+        }
+
+        private class State(@JvmField val resource: Resource, @JvmField var cpuUsage: Double) {
+            @JvmField var startTime: Long = resource.startTime.toEpochMilli()
+            @JvmField var duration: Long = 30000L
+
+            fun write(writer: TableWriter) {
+                writer.startRow()
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_ID, resource.id)
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_STATE_TIMESTAMP, Instant.ofEpochMilli(startTime))
+                writer.set(RESOURCE_STATE_DURATION, Duration.ofMillis(duration))
+                writer.setDouble(RESOURCE_STATE_CPU_USAGE, cpuUsage)
+                writer.setInt(RESOURCE_CPU_COUNT, resource.cpuCount)
+                writer.endRow()
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-tools/src/main/resources/log4j2.xml b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-tools/src/main/resources/log4j2.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32d81416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-trace/opendc-trace-tools/src/main/resources/log4j2.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+  ~ Copyright (c) 2021 AtLarge Research
+  ~
+  ~ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+  ~ of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+  ~ in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+  ~ to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+  ~ copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+  ~ furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+  ~
+  ~ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+  ~ copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+  ~
+  ~ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+  ~ IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+  ~ FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+  ~ AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+  ~ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+  ~ OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+  ~ SOFTWARE.
+  -->
+
+<Configuration status="WARN">
+    <Appenders>
+        <Console name="Console" target="SYSTEM_OUT">
+            <PatternLayout pattern="%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%highlight{%-5level}] %logger{36} - %msg%n" disableAnsi="false"/>
+        </Console>
+    </Appenders>
+    <Loggers>
+        <Logger name="org.opendc" level="info" additivity="false">
+            <AppenderRef ref="Console"/>
+        </Logger>
+        <Root level="error">
+            <AppenderRef ref="Console"/>
+        </Root>
+    </Loggers>
+</Configuration>