feat(exp/compute): Add provisioners for compute service

This change adds a new module `opendc-experiments-compute` that provides
provisioner implementations for experiments to use for setting up the
compute service of OpenDC and provisioning (simulated) hosts.

8 files changed, 411 insertions, 79 deletions

diff --git a/opendc-compute/opendc-compute-workload/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/compute/workload/ComputeServiceHelper.kt b/opendc-compute/opendc-compute-workload/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/compute/workload/ComputeServiceHelper.kt
index f6744123..e86456fe 100644
--- a/opendc-compute/opendc-compute-workload/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/compute/workload/ComputeServiceHelper.kt
+++ b/opendc-compute/opendc-compute-workload/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/compute/workload/ComputeServiceHelper.kt
@@ -22,23 +22,17 @@
 
 package org.opendc.compute.workload
 
-import kotlinx.coroutines.coroutineScope
-import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
-import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
-import kotlinx.coroutines.yield
 import org.opendc.compute.service.ComputeService
 import org.opendc.compute.service.scheduler.ComputeScheduler
 import org.opendc.compute.simulator.SimHost
 import org.opendc.compute.workload.topology.HostSpec
 import org.opendc.simulator.compute.SimBareMetalMachine
 import org.opendc.simulator.compute.kernel.SimHypervisor
-import org.opendc.simulator.compute.workload.SimTraceWorkload
 import org.opendc.simulator.flow.FlowEngine
 import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.util.*
 import kotlin.coroutines.CoroutineContext
-import kotlin.math.max
 
 /**
  * Helper class to simulate VM-based workloads in OpenDC.
@@ -89,72 +83,7 @@ public class ComputeServiceHelper(
         failureModel: FailureModel? = null,
         interference: Boolean = false,
     ) {
-        val injector = failureModel?.createInjector(context, clock, service, Random(random.nextLong()))
-        val client = service.newClient()
-        val clock = clock
-
-        // Create new image for the virtual machine
-        val image = client.newImage("vm-image")
-
-        try {
-            coroutineScope {
-                // Start the fault injector
-                injector?.start()
-
-                var offset = Long.MIN_VALUE
-
-                for (entry in trace.sortedBy { it.startTime }) {
-                    val now = clock.millis()
-                    val start = entry.startTime.toEpochMilli()
-
-                    if (offset < 0) {
-                        offset = start - now
-                    }
-
-                    // Make sure the trace entries are ordered by submission time
-                    assert(start - offset >= 0) { "Invalid trace order" }
-
-                    if (!submitImmediately) {
-                        delay(max(0, (start - offset) - now))
-                    }
-
-                    val workloadOffset = -offset + 300001
-                    val workload = SimTraceWorkload(entry.trace, workloadOffset)
-                    val meta = mutableMapOf<String, Any>("workload" to workload)
-
-                    val interferenceProfile = entry.interferenceProfile
-                    if (interference && interferenceProfile != null) {
-                        meta["interference-profile"] = interferenceProfile
-                    }
-
-                    launch {
-                        val server = client.newServer(
-                            entry.name,
-                            image,
-                            client.newFlavor(
-                                entry.name,
-                                entry.cpuCount,
-                                entry.memCapacity,
-                                meta = if (entry.cpuCapacity > 0.0) mapOf("cpu-capacity" to entry.cpuCapacity) else emptyMap()
-                            ),
-                            meta = meta
-                        )
-
-                        // Wait for the server reach its end time
-                        val endTime = entry.stopTime.toEpochMilli()
-                        delay(endTime + workloadOffset - clock.millis() + 5 * 60 * 1000)
-
-                        // Stop the server after reaching the end-time of the virtual machine
-                        server.stop()
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            yield()
-        } finally {
-            injector?.close()
-            client.close()
-        }
+        service.replay(clock, trace, random.nextLong(), submitImmediately, failureModel, interference)
     }
 
     /**
@@ -194,11 +123,4 @@ public class ComputeServiceHelper(
 
         hosts.clear()
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Construct a [ComputeService] instance.
-     */
-    private fun createService(scheduler: ComputeScheduler, schedulingQuantum: Duration): ComputeService {
-        return ComputeService(context, clock, scheduler, schedulingQuantum)
-    }
 }
diff --git a/opendc-compute/opendc-compute-workload/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/compute/workload/TraceHelpers.kt b/opendc-compute/opendc-compute-workload/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/compute/workload/TraceHelpers.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc8713dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-compute/opendc-compute-workload/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/compute/workload/TraceHelpers.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+@file:JvmName("TraceHelpers")
+package org.opendc.compute.workload
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.*
+import org.opendc.compute.service.ComputeService
+import org.opendc.simulator.compute.workload.SimTraceWorkload
+import java.time.Clock
+import java.util.*
+import kotlin.coroutines.coroutineContext
+import kotlin.math.max
+
+/**
+ * Helper method to replay the specified list of [VirtualMachine] and suspend execution util all VMs have finished.
+ *
+ * @param clock The simulation clock.
+ * @param trace The trace to simulate.
+ * @param seed The seed to use for randomness.
+ * @param submitImmediately A flag to indicate that the servers are scheduled immediately (so not at their start time).
+ * @param failureModel A failure model to use for injecting failures.
+ * @param interference A flag to indicate that VM interference needs to be enabled.
+ */
+public suspend fun ComputeService.replay(
+    clock: Clock,
+    trace: List<VirtualMachine>,
+    seed: Long,
+    submitImmediately: Boolean = false,
+    failureModel: FailureModel? = null,
+    interference: Boolean = false
+) {
+    val injector = failureModel?.createInjector(coroutineContext, clock, this, Random(seed))
+    val client = newClient()
+
+    // Create new image for the virtual machine
+    val image = client.newImage("vm-image")
+
+    try {
+        coroutineScope {
+            // Start the fault injector
+            injector?.start()
+
+            var offset = Long.MIN_VALUE
+
+            for (entry in trace.sortedBy { it.startTime }) {
+                val now = clock.millis()
+                val start = entry.startTime.toEpochMilli()
+
+                if (offset < 0) {
+                    offset = start - now
+                }
+
+                // Make sure the trace entries are ordered by submission time
+                assert(start - offset >= 0) { "Invalid trace order" }
+
+                if (!submitImmediately) {
+                    delay(max(0, (start - offset) - now))
+                }
+
+                val workloadOffset = -offset + 300001
+                val workload = SimTraceWorkload(entry.trace, workloadOffset)
+                val meta = mutableMapOf<String, Any>("workload" to workload)
+
+                val interferenceProfile = entry.interferenceProfile
+                if (interference && interferenceProfile != null) {
+                    meta["interference-profile"] = interferenceProfile
+                }
+
+                launch {
+                    val server = client.newServer(
+                        entry.name,
+                        image,
+                        client.newFlavor(
+                            entry.name,
+                            entry.cpuCount,
+                            entry.memCapacity,
+                            meta = if (entry.cpuCapacity > 0.0) mapOf("cpu-capacity" to entry.cpuCapacity) else emptyMap()
+                        ),
+                        meta = meta
+                    )
+
+                    // Wait for the server reach its end time
+                    val endTime = entry.stopTime.toEpochMilli()
+                    delay(endTime + workloadOffset - clock.millis() + 5 * 60 * 1000)
+
+                    // Stop the server after reaching the end-time of the virtual machine
+                    server.stop()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        yield()
+    } finally {
+        injector?.close()
+        client.close()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/build.gradle.kts b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/build.gradle.kts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4ea0b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/build.gradle.kts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+description = "Support library for simulating VM-based workloads with OpenDC"
+
+/* Build configuration */
+plugins {
+    `kotlin-library-conventions`
+    `testing-conventions`
+    `jacoco-conventions`
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    api(projects.opendcExperiments.opendcExperimentsBase)
+
+    implementation(projects.opendcCompute.opendcComputeWorkload)
+}
diff --git a/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeMonitorProvisioningStep.kt b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeMonitorProvisioningStep.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0be4953b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeMonitorProvisioningStep.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.experiments.compute
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
+import kotlinx.coroutines.cancel
+import org.opendc.compute.service.ComputeService
+import org.opendc.compute.workload.telemetry.ComputeMetricReader
+import org.opendc.compute.workload.telemetry.ComputeMonitor
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningContext
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningStep
+import java.time.Duration
+
+/**
+ * A [ProvisioningStep] that provisions a [ComputeMetricReader] to periodically collect the metrics of a [ComputeService]
+ * and report them to a [ComputeMonitor].
+ */
+public class ComputeMonitorProvisioningStep internal constructor(
+    private val serviceDomain: String,
+    private val monitor: ComputeMonitor,
+    private val exportInterval: Duration
+) : ProvisioningStep {
+    override fun apply(ctx: ProvisioningContext): AutoCloseable {
+        val scope = CoroutineScope(ctx.coroutineContext + Job())
+        val service = requireNotNull(ctx.registry.resolve(serviceDomain, ComputeService::class.java)) { "Compute service $serviceDomain does not exist" }
+        val metricReader = ComputeMetricReader(scope, ctx.clock, service, monitor, exportInterval)
+
+        return AutoCloseable {
+            metricReader.close()
+            scope.cancel()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeServiceProvisioningStep.kt b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeServiceProvisioningStep.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38cbf2dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeServiceProvisioningStep.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.experiments.compute
+
+import org.opendc.compute.service.ComputeService
+import org.opendc.compute.service.scheduler.ComputeScheduler
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningContext
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningStep
+import java.time.Duration
+
+/**
+ * A [ProvisioningStep] that provisions a [ComputeService] without any hosts.
+ *
+ * @param serviceDomain The domain name under which to register the compute service.
+ * @param scheduler A function to construct the compute scheduler.
+ * @param schedulingQuantum The scheduling quantum of the compute scheduler.
+ */
+public class ComputeServiceProvisioningStep internal constructor(
+    private val serviceDomain: String,
+    private val scheduler: (ProvisioningContext) -> ComputeScheduler,
+    private val schedulingQuantum: Duration
+) : ProvisioningStep {
+    override fun apply(ctx: ProvisioningContext): AutoCloseable {
+        val service = ComputeService(ctx.coroutineContext, ctx.clock, scheduler(ctx), schedulingQuantum)
+        ctx.registry.register(serviceDomain, ComputeService::class.java, service)
+
+        return AutoCloseable { service.close() }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeSteps.kt b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeSteps.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce36fac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/ComputeSteps.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+@file:JvmName("ComputeSteps")
+package org.opendc.experiments.compute
+
+import org.opendc.compute.service.ComputeService
+import org.opendc.compute.service.scheduler.ComputeScheduler
+import org.opendc.compute.workload.telemetry.ComputeMetricReader
+import org.opendc.compute.workload.telemetry.ComputeMonitor
+import org.opendc.compute.workload.topology.HostSpec
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningContext
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningStep
+import java.time.Duration
+
+/**
+ * Return a [ProvisioningStep] that provisions a [ComputeService] without any hosts.
+ *
+ * @param serviceDomain The domain name under which to register the compute service.
+ * @param scheduler A function to construct the compute scheduler.
+ * @param schedulingQuantum The scheduling quantum of the compute scheduler.
+ */
+public fun setupComputeService(
+    serviceDomain: String,
+    scheduler: (ProvisioningContext) -> ComputeScheduler,
+    schedulingQuantum: Duration = Duration.ofMinutes(5)
+): ProvisioningStep {
+    return ComputeServiceProvisioningStep(serviceDomain, scheduler, schedulingQuantum)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return a [ProvisioningStep] that installs a [ComputeMetricReader] to periodically collect the metrics of a
+ * [ComputeService] and report them to a [ComputeMonitor].
+ *
+ * @param serviceDomain The service domain at which the [ComputeService] is located.
+ * @param monitor The [ComputeMonitor] to install.
+ * @param exportInterval The interval between which to collect the metrics.
+ */
+public fun registerComputeMonitor(
+    serviceDomain: String,
+    monitor: ComputeMonitor,
+    exportInterval: Duration = Duration.ofMinutes(5)
+): ProvisioningStep {
+    return ComputeMonitorProvisioningStep(serviceDomain, monitor, exportInterval)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return a [ProvisioningStep] that sets up the specified list of hosts (based on [specs]) for the specified compute
+ * service.
+ *
+ * @param serviceDomain The domain name under which the compute service is registered.
+ * @param specs A list of [HostSpec] objects describing the simulated hosts to provision.
+ * @param optimize A flag to indicate that the CPU resources of the host should be merged into a single CPU resource.
+ */
+public fun setupHosts(serviceDomain: String, specs: List<HostSpec>, optimize: Boolean = false): ProvisioningStep {
+    return HostsProvisioningStep(serviceDomain, specs, optimize)
+}
diff --git a/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/HostsProvisioningStep.kt b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/HostsProvisioningStep.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6aca4ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/opendc-experiments/opendc-experiments-compute/src/main/kotlin/org/opendc/experiments/compute/HostsProvisioningStep.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 AtLarge Research
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package org.opendc.experiments.compute
+
+import org.opendc.compute.service.ComputeService
+import org.opendc.compute.simulator.SimHost
+import org.opendc.compute.workload.topology.HostSpec
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningContext
+import org.opendc.experiments.provisioner.ProvisioningStep
+import org.opendc.simulator.compute.SimBareMetalMachine
+import org.opendc.simulator.compute.kernel.SimHypervisor
+import org.opendc.simulator.flow.FlowEngine
+import java.util.*
+
+/**
+ * A [ProvisioningStep] that provisions a list of hosts for a [ComputeService].
+ *
+ * @param serviceDomain The domain name under which the compute service is registered.
+ * @param specs A list of [HostSpec] objects describing the simulated hosts to provision.
+ * @param optimize A flag to indicate that the CPU resources of the host should be merged into a single CPU resource.
+ */
+public class HostsProvisioningStep internal constructor(
+    private val serviceDomain: String,
+    private val specs: List<HostSpec>,
+    private val optimize: Boolean
+) : ProvisioningStep {
+    override fun apply(ctx: ProvisioningContext): AutoCloseable {
+        val service = requireNotNull(ctx.registry.resolve(serviceDomain, ComputeService::class.java)) { "Compute service $serviceDomain does not exist" }
+        val engine = FlowEngine(ctx.coroutineContext, ctx.clock)
+        val hosts = mutableSetOf<SimHost>()
+
+        for (spec in specs) {
+            val machine = SimBareMetalMachine(engine, spec.model, spec.powerDriver)
+            val hypervisor = SimHypervisor(engine, spec.multiplexerFactory, SplittableRandom(ctx.seeder.nextLong()))
+
+            val host = SimHost(
+                spec.uid,
+                spec.name,
+                spec.meta,
+                ctx.coroutineContext,
+                ctx.clock,
+                machine,
+                hypervisor,
+                optimize = optimize
+            )
+
+            require(hosts.add(host)) { "Host with uid ${spec.uid} already exists" }
+            service.addHost(host)
+        }
+
+        return AutoCloseable {
+            for (host in hosts) {
+                host.close()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index 7addeee8..d37b96de 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ include(":opendc-faas:opendc-faas-service")
 include(":opendc-faas:opendc-faas-simulator")
 include(":opendc-faas:opendc-faas-workload")
 include(":opendc-experiments:opendc-experiments-base")
+include(":opendc-experiments:opendc-experiments-compute")
 include(":opendc-experiments:opendc-experiments-capelin")
 include(":opendc-experiments:opendc-experiments-tf20")
 include(":opendc-web:opendc-web-proto")