\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\ifx \showCODEN  \undefined \def \showCODEN #1{CODEN #1}  \fi
\ifx \showISBN   \undefined \def \showISBN  #1{ISBN #1}   \fi
\ifx \showISSN   \undefined \def \showISSN  #1{ISSN #1}   \fi
\ifx \showLCCN   \undefined \def \showLCCN  #1{LCCN #1}   \fi
\ifx \showPRICE  \undefined \def \showPRICE #1{#1}        \fi
\ifx \showURL    \undefined \def \showURL {URL }          \fi
\ifx \path       \undefined \input path.sty               \fi
\ifx \ifshowURL \undefined
     \newif \ifshowURL
     \showURLtrue
\fi

\bibitem{DBLP:journals/computer/AthavaleBBMMPS24}
Jyotika Athavale, Cullen~E. Bash, Wesley Brewer, Matthias Maiterth, Dejan~S. Milojicic, Harry Petty, and Soumyendu Sarkar.
\newblock Digital twins for data centers.
\newblock {\em Computer}, 57\penalty0 (10):\penalty0 151--158, 2024.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2024.3436945|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/sc/BrewerMKWBHSGGW24}
Wesley Brewer, Matthias Maiterth, Vineet Kumar, Rafal~P. Wojda, Sedrick Bouknight, Jesse Hines, Woong Shin, Scott Greenwood, David Grant, Wesley Williams, and Feiyi Wang.
\newblock A digital twin framework for liquid-cooled supercomputers as demonstrated at exascale.
\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis, { SC} 2024, Atlanta, GA, USA, November 17-22, 2024}, page~23. {IEEE}, 2024.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/SC41406.2024.00029|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/sensys/CaoW0022}
Zhiwei Cao, Ruihang Wang, Xin Zhou, and Yonggang Wen.
\newblock Reducio: model reduction for data center predictive digital twins via physics-guided machine learning.
\newblock In Jorge Ortiz, editor, {\em Proceedings of the 9th {ACM} International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, BuildSys 2022, Boston, Massachusetts, November 9-10, 2022}, pages 1--10. {ACM}, 2022.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1145/3563357.3564050|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:report/AnnualOutageAnalysis2025}
Douglas Donnellan, Andy Lawrence, and Rose Weinshenk.
\newblock Executive summary: Annual outage analysis 2025, May 2025.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://uptimeinstitute.com/resources/research-and-reports/annual-outage-analysis-2025|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/sigcomm/HongWDSSHZY21}
Hanshu Hong, Qin Wu, Feng Dong, Wei Song, Ronghua Sun, Tao Han, Cheng Zhou, and Hongwei Yang.
\newblock Netgraph: An intelligent operated digital twin platform for data center networks.
\newblock In {\em NAI'21: Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGCOMM} 2021 Workshop on Network-Application Integration, Virtual Event, USA, August 27, 2021}, pages 26--32. {ACM}, 2021.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1145/3472727.3472802|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:journals/corr/IosupKLVG22}
Alexandru Iosup, Fernando Kuipers, Ana~Lucia Varbanescu, Paola Grosso, Animesh Trivedi, Jan~S. Rellermeyer, Lin Wang, Alexandru Uta, and Francesco Regazzoni.
\newblock Future computer systems and networking research in the netherlands: {A} manifesto.
\newblock {\em CoRR}, abs/2206.03259, 2022.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2206.03259|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/sensys/LiW0Z0T23}
Minghao Li, Ruihang Wang, Xin Zhou, Zhaomeng Zhu, Yonggang Wen, and Rui Tan.
\newblock Chattwin: Toward automated digital twin generation for data center via large language models.
\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the 10th {ACM} International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, BuildSys 2023, Istanbul, Turkey, November 15-16, 2023}, pages 208--211. {ACM}, 2023.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1145/3600100.3623719|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/date/MilojicicFDR21}
Dejan~S. Milojicic, Paolo Faraboschi, Nicolas Dub{\'{e}}, and Duncan Roweth.
\newblock Future of {HPC:} diversifying heterogeneity.
\newblock In {\em Design, Automation {\&} Test in Europe Conference {\&} Exhibition, {DATE} 2021, Grenoble, France, February 1-5, 2021}, pages 276--281. {IEEE}, 2021.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.23919/DATE51398.2021.9474063|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:usdoe/report/AP26894}
National~Academy of~Engineering, National~Academies of~Sciences~Engineering, and Medicine.
\newblock Foundational research gaps and future directions for digital twins.
\newblock {The National Academies Press}, Washington, DC, 2024.
\newblock \showISBN{978-0-309-70042-9}.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26894/foundational-research-gaps-and-future-directions-for-digital-twins|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/sc/TaheriBPRHDEWPM24}
Ebad Taheri, Pedro Bruel, Pavana Prakash, Gourav Rattihalli, Ninad Hogade, Aditya Dhakal, Rolando P.~Hong Enriquez, Torsten Wilde, Leo Popokh, Dejan~S. Milojicic, and Cullen~E. Bash.
\newblock Dytwin: Federated adaptive digital twins for data centers - visualization and anomaly detection.
\newblock In {\em {SC24-W:} Workshops of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis , Atlanta, GA, USA, November 17-22, 2024}, pages 847--852. {IEEE}, 2024.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1109/SCW63240.2024.00120|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/acsos/TalluriOVTI21}
Sacheendra Talluri, Leon Overweel, Laurens Versluis, Animesh Trivedi, and Alexandru Iosup.
\newblock Empirical characterization of user reports about cloud failures.
\newblock In Esam El{-}Araby, Vana Kalogeraki, Danilo Pianini, Fr{ \'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric Lassabe, Barry Porter, Sona Ghahremani, Ingrid Nunes, Mohamed Bakhouya, and Sven Tomforde, editors, {\em {IEEE} International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems, {ACSOS} 2021, Washington, DC, USA, September 27 - Oct. 1, 2021}, pages 158--163. {IEEE}, 2021.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSOS52086.2021.00039|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/cirp/TAO2018169}
Fei Tao, Meng Zhang, Yushan Liu, and A.Y.C. Nee.
\newblock Digital twin driven prognostics and health management for complex equipment.
\newblock {\em CIRP Annals}, 67\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 169--172, 2018.
\newblock \showISSN{0007-8506}.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007850618300799|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/sensys/WangZD0TCWZ20}
Ruihang Wang, Xin Zhou, Linsen Dong, Yonggang Wen, Rui Tan, Li~Chen, Guan Wang, and Feng Zeng.
\newblock Kalibre: Knowledge-based neural surrogate model calibration for data center digital twins.
\newblock In {\em BuildSys '20: The 7th {ACM} International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, Virtual Event, Japan, November 18-20, 2020}, pages 200--209. {ACM}, 2020.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1145/3408308.3427982|}\fi.

\bibitem{DBLP:conf/noms/ZhangZLZWC22}
Ziting Zhang, Yu~Zeng, Haoran Liu, Chaoyue Zhao, Feng Wang, and Yunqing Chen.
\newblock Smart {DC:} an {AI} and digital twin-based energy-saving solution for data centers.
\newblock In {\em 2022 {IEEE/IFIP} Network Operations and Management Symposium, {NOMS} 2022, Budapest, Hungary, April 25-29, 2022}, pages 1--6. {IEEE}, 2022.
\newblock \ifshowURL {\showURL \path|https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789853|}\fi.

\end{thebibliography}